Chapter 4 Flashcards
Vocal tract
- Open cavities of throat, mouth and nose above the vocal folds
- Region where speech sounds are produced
Vocal folds
- Pair of membranes stretched across opening of glottis (voice box)
- Can be vibrated to produce sound
Nasal cavity
Resonation produces nasal consonants like m and n
Oral cavity
Most speech sounds produced inside the mouth
Alveolar ridge
Fleshy region behind upper teeth
Hard palate
Bony region behind upper teeth
Velum (soft palate)
Fleshy region behind hard palate
Phonation
- Sound produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air from lungs passes by them
- Raw material for speech sounds
Place of articulation
Location in oral cavity where airflow is obstructed to produce consonant
Bilabial
Produced by bringing upper and lower lips together
Labiodental
Produced by bringing lower lip against upper teeth
Interdental
Produced by protruding tongue between upper and lower teeth
Alveolar
Produced by pressing tip of tongue against alveolar ridge
Postalveolar
Produced by pressing blade of tongue against region between alveolar ridge and hard palate
Velar
Produced by pressing root of tongue against soft palate
Glottal
Produced by constricting vocal folds
Manner of articulation
Degree to which airflow is obstructed in production of consonants
Nasal
Produced by blocking oral cavity, releasing airflow in oral cavity
Plosive
Produced by blocking, the releasing airflow in oral cavity
Fricative
Produced by restricting oral cavity to create friction
Affricate
Produced by momentarily blocking airflow and the releasing it trough tight constriction
Approximant
Produced by diverting airflow without constricting it
Broca’s area
Frontal lobe, speech production
Wernicke’s area
Temporal lobe, speech perception
Arcuate fasciculus
- Band of neural fibers extending from temporal to frontal lobe
- Thought to connect Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area
Broca’s (expressive) aphasia
Loss of speech production without loss of speech comprehension
Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
Loss of speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech production
Conduction aphasia
Preserved speech perception and production, but difficulty in repetition
Gyrus
Region of cerebral cortex that protrudes outward (hills)
Sulcus
Region of cerebral cortex that is folded inward
Longitudinal fissure
Deep groove separating right and left hemispheres
Lateral sulcus (Sylvan fissure)
Deep fold that separates temporal lobe from other lobes
Somatosensory cortex
Processes body senses, keeps track of what body parts are doing
Primary motor cortex
Programs commands to move body
Primary auditory cortex
Processes sensory input from ears, including speech
Primary visual cortex
Processes sensory input from eyes
Supplementary motor region
Programming intentional actions
Anterior cingulate cortex
Detecting errors and monitoring conflict
Anterior insula
Implicated in language processing
Cerebellum
Regulated rhythm of syllable production at normal speaking rates
Basal ganglia
Select most appropriate motor program in a given context
Thalamus
Plays role in coordinating motor programs for speech production
Feedforward control
Provides general motor plan for moving body part toward goal
Feedback control
- Adjusts forward trajectory based on real-time information about likely success of movement
- Motor system receives rapid feedback from somatosensory system
Jaw perturbation technique
Tests somatosensory feedback in speech production
Auditory perturbation technique
Tests auditory feedback in speech production
Auditory suppression
- General principle of sensorimotor system
- Expected sensory effects of self-initiated action are attenuated
Dual stream model
General organizing principle of the sensorimotor system
Ventral stream
Through temporal lobe processes “what” information (object identification)
Dorsal stream
Through parietal lobe processes “how” information (navigation)
DIVA
Computational model, models both speech production and speech acquisition
-Organizes functional brain regions into feedforward and feedback control systems
Babbling
Phonation
Gooing
Expansion
Canonical babbling
Phonation
0-2 Vowel-like sounds made by vibrating vocal folds
Gooing
2-4 Syllable-like sounds in back of vocal tract
Expansion
4-6 Variety of different sounds
Canonical babbling
6-12 Sequences of clearly formed consonant-vowel syllables
Frames-then-Content Model
Explains babbling in terms of repeated jaw movements
Object directed vocalization
Babbling uttered as infant approaches and manipulates novel object
Hearing impairments
May not be detected during first year because infant still babbles
Slow expressive movement
Delay in babbling or talking in spite of developing receptive language and social interaction skills at a normal rate
Childhood apraxia of speech
Severe difficulty producing speech even though cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills otherwise in normal range
Residual speech sound errors
Misarticulations that persist into elementary school years
Fis phenomenon
Child can clearly hear a distinction between two phonemes but uses only one of them while speaking
