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Psychology of Language > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Vocal tract

A
  • Open cavities of throat, mouth and nose above the vocal folds
  • Region where speech sounds are produced
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2
Q

Vocal folds

A
  • Pair of membranes stretched across opening of glottis (voice box)
  • Can be vibrated to produce sound
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3
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Resonation produces nasal consonants like m and n

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4
Q

Oral cavity

A

Most speech sounds produced inside the mouth

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5
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Fleshy region behind upper teeth

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6
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony region behind upper teeth

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7
Q

Velum (soft palate)

A

Fleshy region behind hard palate

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8
Q

Phonation

A
  • Sound produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air from lungs passes by them
  • Raw material for speech sounds
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9
Q

Place of articulation

A

Location in oral cavity where airflow is obstructed to produce consonant

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10
Q

Bilabial

A

Produced by bringing upper and lower lips together

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11
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced by bringing lower lip against upper teeth

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12
Q

Interdental

A

Produced by protruding tongue between upper and lower teeth

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13
Q

Alveolar

A

Produced by pressing tip of tongue against alveolar ridge

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14
Q

Postalveolar

A

Produced by pressing blade of tongue against region between alveolar ridge and hard palate

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15
Q

Velar

A

Produced by pressing root of tongue against soft palate

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16
Q

Glottal

A

Produced by constricting vocal folds

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17
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Degree to which airflow is obstructed in production of consonants

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18
Q

Nasal

A

Produced by blocking oral cavity, releasing airflow in oral cavity

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19
Q

Plosive

A

Produced by blocking, the releasing airflow in oral cavity

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20
Q

Fricative

A

Produced by restricting oral cavity to create friction

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21
Q

Affricate

A

Produced by momentarily blocking airflow and the releasing it trough tight constriction

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22
Q

Approximant

A

Produced by diverting airflow without constricting it

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23
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe, speech production

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24
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe, speech perception

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25
Arcuate fasciculus
- Band of neural fibers extending from temporal to frontal lobe - Thought to connect Wernicke's area with Broca's area
26
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
Loss of speech production without loss of speech comprehension
27
Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia
Loss of speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech production
28
Conduction aphasia
Preserved speech perception and production, but difficulty in repetition
29
Gyrus
Region of cerebral cortex that protrudes outward (hills)
30
Sulcus
Region of cerebral cortex that is folded inward
31
Longitudinal fissure
Deep groove separating right and left hemispheres
32
Lateral sulcus (Sylvan fissure)
Deep fold that separates temporal lobe from other lobes
33
Somatosensory cortex
Processes body senses, keeps track of what body parts are doing
34
Primary motor cortex
Programs commands to move body
35
Primary auditory cortex
Processes sensory input from ears, including speech
36
Primary visual cortex
Processes sensory input from eyes
37
Supplementary motor region
Programming intentional actions
38
Anterior cingulate cortex
Detecting errors and monitoring conflict
39
Anterior insula
Implicated in language processing
40
Cerebellum
Regulated rhythm of syllable production at normal speaking rates
41
Basal ganglia
Select most appropriate motor program in a given context
42
Thalamus
Plays role in coordinating motor programs for speech production
43
Feedforward control
Provides general motor plan for moving body part toward goal
44
Feedback control
- Adjusts forward trajectory based on real-time information about likely success of movement - Motor system receives rapid feedback from somatosensory system
45
Jaw perturbation technique
Tests somatosensory feedback in speech production
46
Auditory perturbation technique
Tests auditory feedback in speech production
47
Auditory suppression
- General principle of sensorimotor system | - Expected sensory effects of self-initiated action are attenuated
48
Dual stream model
General organizing principle of the sensorimotor system
49
Ventral stream
Through temporal lobe processes "what" information (object identification)
50
Dorsal stream
Through parietal lobe processes "how" information (navigation)
51
DIVA
Computational model, models both speech production and speech acquisition -Organizes functional brain regions into feedforward and feedback control systems
52
Babbling
Phonation Gooing Expansion Canonical babbling
53
Phonation
0-2 Vowel-like sounds made by vibrating vocal folds
54
Gooing
2-4 Syllable-like sounds in back of vocal tract
55
Expansion
4-6 Variety of different sounds
56
Canonical babbling
6-12 Sequences of clearly formed consonant-vowel syllables
57
Frames-then-Content Model
Explains babbling in terms of repeated jaw movements
58
Object directed vocalization
Babbling uttered as infant approaches and manipulates novel object
59
Hearing impairments
May not be detected during first year because infant still babbles
60
Slow expressive movement
Delay in babbling or talking in spite of developing receptive language and social interaction skills at a normal rate
61
Childhood apraxia of speech
Severe difficulty producing speech even though cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills otherwise in normal range
62
Residual speech sound errors
Misarticulations that persist into elementary school years
63
Fis phenomenon
Child can clearly hear a distinction between two phonemes but uses only one of them while speaking

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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