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Psychology of Language > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vocal tract

A
  • Open cavities of throat, mouth and nose above the vocal folds
  • Region where speech sounds are produced
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2
Q

Vocal folds

A
  • Pair of membranes stretched across opening of glottis (voice box)
  • Can be vibrated to produce sound
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3
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Resonation produces nasal consonants like m and n

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4
Q

Oral cavity

A

Most speech sounds produced inside the mouth

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5
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Fleshy region behind upper teeth

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6
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony region behind upper teeth

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7
Q

Velum (soft palate)

A

Fleshy region behind hard palate

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8
Q

Phonation

A
  • Sound produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air from lungs passes by them
  • Raw material for speech sounds
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9
Q

Place of articulation

A

Location in oral cavity where airflow is obstructed to produce consonant

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10
Q

Bilabial

A

Produced by bringing upper and lower lips together

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11
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced by bringing lower lip against upper teeth

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12
Q

Interdental

A

Produced by protruding tongue between upper and lower teeth

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13
Q

Alveolar

A

Produced by pressing tip of tongue against alveolar ridge

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14
Q

Postalveolar

A

Produced by pressing blade of tongue against region between alveolar ridge and hard palate

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15
Q

Velar

A

Produced by pressing root of tongue against soft palate

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16
Q

Glottal

A

Produced by constricting vocal folds

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17
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Degree to which airflow is obstructed in production of consonants

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18
Q

Nasal

A

Produced by blocking oral cavity, releasing airflow in oral cavity

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19
Q

Plosive

A

Produced by blocking, the releasing airflow in oral cavity

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20
Q

Fricative

A

Produced by restricting oral cavity to create friction

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21
Q

Affricate

A

Produced by momentarily blocking airflow and the releasing it trough tight constriction

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22
Q

Approximant

A

Produced by diverting airflow without constricting it

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23
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe, speech production

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24
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe, speech perception

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25
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A
  • Band of neural fibers extending from temporal to frontal lobe
  • Thought to connect Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area
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26
Q

Broca’s (expressive) aphasia

A

Loss of speech production without loss of speech comprehension

27
Q

Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia

A

Loss of speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech production

28
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Preserved speech perception and production, but difficulty in repetition

29
Q

Gyrus

A

Region of cerebral cortex that protrudes outward (hills)

30
Q

Sulcus

A

Region of cerebral cortex that is folded inward

31
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deep groove separating right and left hemispheres

32
Q

Lateral sulcus (Sylvan fissure)

A

Deep fold that separates temporal lobe from other lobes

33
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Processes body senses, keeps track of what body parts are doing

34
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Programs commands to move body

35
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Processes sensory input from ears, including speech

36
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Processes sensory input from eyes

37
Q

Supplementary motor region

A

Programming intentional actions

38
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Detecting errors and monitoring conflict

39
Q

Anterior insula

A

Implicated in language processing

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulated rhythm of syllable production at normal speaking rates

41
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Select most appropriate motor program in a given context

42
Q

Thalamus

A

Plays role in coordinating motor programs for speech production

43
Q

Feedforward control

A

Provides general motor plan for moving body part toward goal

44
Q

Feedback control

A
  • Adjusts forward trajectory based on real-time information about likely success of movement
  • Motor system receives rapid feedback from somatosensory system
45
Q

Jaw perturbation technique

A

Tests somatosensory feedback in speech production

46
Q

Auditory perturbation technique

A

Tests auditory feedback in speech production

47
Q

Auditory suppression

A
  • General principle of sensorimotor system

- Expected sensory effects of self-initiated action are attenuated

48
Q

Dual stream model

A

General organizing principle of the sensorimotor system

49
Q

Ventral stream

A

Through temporal lobe processes “what” information (object identification)

50
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Through parietal lobe processes “how” information (navigation)

51
Q

DIVA

A

Computational model, models both speech production and speech acquisition
-Organizes functional brain regions into feedforward and feedback control systems

52
Q

Babbling

A

Phonation
Gooing
Expansion
Canonical babbling

53
Q

Phonation

A

0-2 Vowel-like sounds made by vibrating vocal folds

54
Q

Gooing

A

2-4 Syllable-like sounds in back of vocal tract

55
Q

Expansion

A

4-6 Variety of different sounds

56
Q

Canonical babbling

A

6-12 Sequences of clearly formed consonant-vowel syllables

57
Q

Frames-then-Content Model

A

Explains babbling in terms of repeated jaw movements

58
Q

Object directed vocalization

A

Babbling uttered as infant approaches and manipulates novel object

59
Q

Hearing impairments

A

May not be detected during first year because infant still babbles

60
Q

Slow expressive movement

A

Delay in babbling or talking in spite of developing receptive language and social interaction skills at a normal rate

61
Q

Childhood apraxia of speech

A

Severe difficulty producing speech even though cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills otherwise in normal range

62
Q

Residual speech sound errors

A

Misarticulations that persist into elementary school years

63
Q

Fis phenomenon

A

Child can clearly hear a distinction between two phonemes but uses only one of them while speaking

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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