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Psychology of Language > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arbitrariness of the sign

A

The observation that the sound of a word gives virtually no information about its meaning

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2
Q

Base frequency effect

A

The observation that the frequency effect of the base form extends to its inflected forms

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3
Q

Bottom-up process

A

A process that is driven solely by the input without consideration of context or expectation

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4
Q

Chinese Room argument

A

A demonstration of why meaning cannot arise solely from the relationships among symbols

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5
Q

Cohort

A

The set of all words that begin with the same sequence of phonemes

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6
Q

Cohort model

A

A model of word recognition proposing that listeners initially consider all possible word matches to the incoming speech stream but identify the word as soon as a recognition point is reached

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7
Q

Concept

A

A mental representation of some sort of statistical regularity in our experience

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8
Q

Cross-situational word learning

A

The ability to learn to associate novel words with novel objects even in cases of referential ambiguity by tracking co-occurrence statistics.

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9
Q

Derivational suffix

A

A suffix that changes the meaning and grammatical category of a word

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10
Q

Dual lexicon model

A

The proposal that there are two mental lexicons, one for the dorsal sound-to-action stream and another for the ventral sound-to-meaning stream

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11
Q

Embodied representation

A

A symbol that is understood in terms of the perceptual and motor experiences it evokes

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12
Q

Embodied semantics

A

The proposal that we understand the meaning of a word by stimulating it in the sensorimotor cortex

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13
Q

Fast mapping

A

The ability to learn a new word after only one of a few exposures

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14
Q

Feedforward model

A

A model in which each process is performed in a serial fashion

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15
Q

Gating task

A

A procedure in which participants are presented with increasingly longer increments of a word and asked to guess what they think the word will be

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16
Q

Iambic

A

A weak-strong stress pattern

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17
Q

Inflectional suffix

A

A suffix that is added to words for the purposes of grammar

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18
Q

Interactive model

A

A model in which higher and lower levels of processing influence each other

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19
Q

Joint attention

A

A situation in which all participants in an interaction have focused their attention on the same object or event

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20
Q

Lemma

A

The most basic form of a word

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21
Q

Lexeme

A

The set of all forms a word can take

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22
Q

Lexical access

A

The process of matching the acoustic signal of the speech stream to candidate phonological representations stored in the mental lexicon

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23
Q

Lexical concept

A

A concept that can be expressed by a word

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24
Q

Lexical integration

A

The process of linking the selected ford form to the overall semantics and syntax of the utterance

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25
Q

Lexical selection

A

The process of choosing the best-fitting word match to the acoustic input. The process that goes from a particular concept to an abstract word form, or lemma.

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26
Q

Mental lexicon

A

The storage of information about words in long-term memory

27
Q

Mutual exclusivity assumption

A

The assumption that no two words mean exactly the same thing

28
Q

Neighborhood density

A

A measure of how many other words differ from a particular word by substitution of a single phoneme

29
Q

Network model

A

A conceptualization of the mental lexicon as a network of words or concepts connected to each other by semantic links

30
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

A word that represents a sound

31
Q

Phonological encoding

A

The process that foes from abstract word form, or lemma, to its phonological representation

32
Q

Phonotactic probability

A

The likelihood that a particular sequence of phonemes will occur in a language

33
Q

Phonotactic rules

A

Rules for combining phonemes into sequences to form words

34
Q

Picture-word interference task

A

An experimental procedure in which that participant is asked to name a picture while ignoring a simultaneously presented distractor word

35
Q

Productive vocabulary

A

The set of words a person is able to produce in appropriate contexts

36
Q

Recall

A

The intentional retrieval of information from long-term memory

37
Q

Receptive vocabulary

A

The set of words a person is able to recognize and understand the meaning of

38
Q

Recognition

A

A search of long-term memory to find a stored match with the current stimulus

39
Q

Recognition point

A

The point at which a string of phonemes provides enough evidence for identifying a word

40
Q

Referential uncertainty

A

The observation that there is no direct link between the word and the object or event it refers to

41
Q

Semantic facilitation effect

A

The observation that the thematic relations lead to faster naming times

42
Q

Semantic interference effect

A

The observation that thematic relations lead to slower naming times

43
Q

Semantic neighbors

A

Concepts with related meanings

44
Q

Semantic primes

A

Innately meaningful concepts that are used to define all other concepts

45
Q

Semantic priming effect

A

The observation that target words are recognized faster when they are preceded by related primes rather than unrelated primes

46
Q

Semantic priming task

A

An experimental technique that presents a pair of words and measures the participant’s reaction time

47
Q

Sentence superiority effect

A

The improved ability to identify a word within a sentence as opposed to by itself

48
Q

Shadowing task

A

A procedure in which the participant is asked to repeat the items in the correct order

49
Q

Spreading activation model

A

A model of the mental lexicon that proposed that activation of one node spreads out to other nodes linked to it

50
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

A region of the inferior parietal lobe that is adjacent to the lateral fissure

51
Q

Symbol grounding problem

A

The question of where the meaning of a symbol comes from

52
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

The use of syntactic information to infer the meaning of verbs

53
Q

Taxonomic assumption

A

The assumption that a newly learned word extended to other similar referents

54
Q

Taxonomic relation

A

A relationship between to words that belong to the same semantic category

55
Q

Thematic relation

A

A relationship between two words based on frequency of co-occurrence

56
Q

Trochaic

A

A strong-weak stress pattern

57
Q

Visual world paradigm

A

A task in which participants are asked to interact with objects or pictures in the visual environment according to spoken instructions

58
Q

Whole object assumption

A

The assumption that a new word refers to the entire object and not just a part of it

59
Q

Word

A

A minimal unit of meaningful speech that can stand alone

60
Q

Word association task

A

A procedure in which the participant is asked to produce a word in response to a prompt

61
Q

Word frequency

A

A measure of how often a particular word in all its forms occurs in the language

62
Q

Word production

A

The process of finding phonological word forms in the mental lexicon to express underlying semantic representations or thoughts

63
Q

Word recognition

A

The process of extracting phonological word forms from the speech stream and linking them by way of the mental lexicon to their semantic representations

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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