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Psychology of Language > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ethologist

A

Scientist who studies animal behavior

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2
Q

Communication

A

Behavior intended to influence another organism

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3
Q

Conspecific

A

Member of some species

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4
Q

Four “f’s” of animal communication

A

Food, foe, friend, finding a mate

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5
Q

Food

A

Honeybee waggle dance

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6
Q

Karl von Frisch (1967):

A

Found that dance conveys direction and distance

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7
Q

Direction

A

Angle from vertical indicates angle from the sun

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8
Q

Distance

A

Length of waggle in the middle correlates with distance from the hive

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9
Q

Alarm call

A

Warns conspecifics of approaching predators

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10
Q

Vervet monkey calls for:

A

“Eagle”
“Leopard”
“Snake”

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11
Q

Dominance hierarchy

A

Social system in which each member knows who ranks above and who ranks below

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12
Q

Mother-infant bonding examples

A
  • Rat pups emit ultrasound when they fall from their nest

- Human babies cry for their moms

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13
Q

Social grooming

A
  • Picking fleas and dirt from fur
  • Builds friendships
  • Form of communication because it influences other’s behavior
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14
Q

Males advertise their genetic prowess to attract mates

A
  • Peacock feathers
  • Bullfrog croaking
  • Birdsong
  • Firefly lights
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15
Q

Females also advertise interest

A
  • Mating rituals

- Pheromones

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16
Q

Features of Animal Communication Systems

A
  • Limited range of expression
  • Holophrases: refers to the entire situation, not specific objects or events
  • Little ability to combine symbols to express novel ideas
  • Here and now
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17
Q

Modes of human language

A
  • Speech mostly resembles vocalized communication systems
  • Writing has taken on its own form and conventions
  • Sign languages are their own independent of spoken languages
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18
Q

Primacy of speech (Hackett, 1960)

A

Virtually all language use is in its spoken mode

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19
Q

Three features of language

A

-Rules
-Structure
-Arbitrary symbols-words are symbols bearing no resemblance to what they refer to
(Animal communication doesn’t have all of these)

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20
Q

Duality of patterning

A
  • Structuring process that takes units at a lower level
  • Combines them according to rules
  • Form new units at a higher level
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21
Q

Pyramid scheme (Bottom to top)

A
  • Phonemes-meaningless speech sounds
  • Phonology-rules for combining phonemes
  • Morphemes-basic units of meaning (root words, suffixes, prefixes)
  • Morphology-rules for combining morphemes to form words
  • Words-units of language
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22
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for ordering words into phrases and sentences

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23
Q

Working memory

A

What is currently being thought (STM-about 7 items)

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24
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items into units to increase working memory capacity

25
Q

Discourse

A

Sequences of sentences ordered according to rules

26
Q

Displacement

A

Ability to refer to things/events beyond here and now

27
Q

Homo erectus

A

1.8mil-200,000 years ago

First human-like creature to walk upright

28
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

A

200,000-50,000 years ago

Parallel species to early humans

29
Q

Homo sapiens

A

(200,000 years ago to today)

Only surviving homo species

30
Q

Common ancestor

A

Humans, gorillas, chimps all have a common ancestor (6MYA)

31
Q

Recursion

A

Process of extending a pattern by placing it inside itself (clauses)

32
Q

Centrality of syntax

A

Idea that the ability to organize words into phrases and sentences is the distinguishing feature of language

33
Q

Chomsky proposed:

A
  • Recursion is key to understanding evolution of language

- Single mutation transformed pre-human brain into recursive thinking machine

34
Q

Hopeful monster hypothesis

A

Idea that a single mutation can lead to rapid transition of species

35
Q

KE family

A

Family from London with a genetic language disorder

36
Q

FOXP2

A

Gene that plays a role in brain development

37
Q

Continuity theory

A

Steady transition from animal communication to human language

38
Q

Discontinuity theory

A

Sudden transition from animal communication to human language

39
Q

Pidgin

A

Simple language with a few hundred words with basic grammar

When speakers of different languages communicate

40
Q

Creole

A

Full-fledged language based on pidgin

41
Q

Protolanguage

A

Hypothetical pidgin-like language spoken by ancestral humans

42
Q

Bickerton (1990) proposed:

A
  • Animal communication (pre-Homo erectus)
  • Protolanguage (Homo erectus)
  • Full language (Homo sapiens)
43
Q

Mother tongue hypothesis (Falk, 2009)

A

Language evolved from maternal vocalizations that took on meaning over many generations

44
Q

Singing Neanderthal hypothesis (Mithen, 2005)

A

Both music and language evolved from the vocalizations of pre-human social interactions

45
Q

Social grooming hypothesis (Dunbar, 1998)

A

Gossip for humans serves the same purpose of social network building that grooming does for chimpanzees

46
Q

Characteristics of pidgins

A
  • Simple phonology
  • No morphology
  • Limited vocabulary
  • Little syntax-short sentences
  • Effortful to produce
47
Q

Gua (Kellogg & Kellogg, 1933)

A

Raised chimp infant with their own infant but failed to learn any words by 18 months

48
Q

Vicki (Hayes & Hayes, 1952)

A

Raised chimp infant that learned only four words after three years

49
Q

Vocal tract

A

System of air passages where speech is produced

Chimp vocal tract doesn’t allow speech production

50
Q

Koko (Patterson, 1978)

A

Gorilla trained in ASL, learning about 100 words

51
Q

Kanzi (Savage-Rumbaugh & others, 1998)

A

Bonobo to communicate with lexigrams (visual symbols)

2 year old human comprehension

52
Q

0-12 months

A

Vocalization, babbling, gradually becoming language like

53
Q

12-18 months

A

Few dozen words, used as holophrases

54
Q

10-24 months

A

Word learning at a rapid pace

Pidgin-like structure

55
Q

24-48 months

A

Vocabulary and syntax develop

56
Q

Aphasia

A

Language deficit due to brain damage

57
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • Disjointed, ungrammatical speech
  • Effortful language production
  • pidgin-like
  • Affects spoken, written, and signed language
58
Q

Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe with a role in speech production, organizing language into hierarchical structures

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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