Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring info or behaviors

Question 2

2 forms of learning

Answer 2

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 3

stimulus

Answer 3

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

learning that certain events occur together

Question 5

operant behaviors

Answer 5

operates on the environment producing consequences

Question 6

cognitive learning

Answer 6

acquisition of mental info by observing events, watching others, or thro language

Question 7

classical connditioning

Answer 7

learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus to anticipate events (Pavlov)

Question 8

Watson’s study of Little Albert

Answer 8

• Albert feared loud noises
• Watson would display a white rat and as lil Albert reached to touch it, Watson struck a hammer against a steel bar behind his head
• after 7 repeats of seeing the rat and hearing the noise, Albert burst into tears when seeing the rat

Question 9

4 steps of Pavlov’s experiment

Answer 9

• isolated a dog and attached a device to divert saliva to measure
• food was presented from the next room
• paired various neutral stimuli w/ food in the dog’s mouth
• sounded a tone before presenting food

Question 10

unconditioned response

Answer 10

unlearned, naturally occurring response

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditional response

Question 12

conditioned response

Answer 12

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 13

conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

originally irrelevant stimuli, that after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 14

generalization

Answer 14

tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to ellicit similar responses

Question 15

skinners operant chamber

Answer 15

contained a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to get food or water
attatched devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Question 16

positive reninforcement

Answer 16

strengthens a response be presenting a pleasureable stimulus after the response

Question 17

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 17

get power thro learned association w/ a primary reinforcer

Question 18

4 partial reinforcment schedules

Answer 18

-fixed ratio (after a set of responses)
variable ratio (after an unpredictable number of responses)
-fixed interval (reinforce first behavior after a specific time)
-variable interval (unpredictable time has passed)

Question 19

punishment

Answer 19

event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 20

pos punishment

Answer 20

administer unwanted stimulus

Question 21

neg punishment

Answer 21

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

Question 22

2 types of motivation

Answer 22

intrinsic

extrinsic

Question 23

intrinsic

Answer 23

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 24

extrinsic

Answer 24

desire to perfrom a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 25

modeling

Answer 25

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 26

prosocial behavior

Answer 26

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

learn faster when able to observe

Question 27

In operant conditioning, we learn to what?

Answer 27

associate a response and its consequences