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2130: Cognitive Neuroscience > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How is mental imagery different from perception?

A

imagery is entirely top down (no sensory input)
- sensory receptors do not receive any input when you create a mental image

  • perception combines info thats bottom up and top down
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2
Q

what is perception?

A

uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses
- registers info through receptors in sensory organs (ex: eyes, ears)

(top down/bottom up)

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3
Q

what is mental imagery?

A

mental representations of stimuli that are not physically present
(can have mental imagery for sensory experience)

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4
Q

what is visual imagery

A

mental representation of visual stimuli

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5
Q

what is auditory imagery

A

mental representation of auditory stimuli

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6
Q

when is spatial ability important

A

in STEM disciplines

science
technology
engineering
mathematics

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7
Q

2 parts of Paivio’s dual coding theory

A

Propositional and analog

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8
Q

what are propositions?

- example

A

statements of fact

ex: duck, (explain it) quack, webbed feet

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9
Q

what is a propositional code?

A

abstract, language-like representation

  • storage is neither visual or spatial
  • does not physically resemble the original stimulus

(store images in terms of propositional code)

(ex: duck)

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10
Q

analog code

example

A

representation that closely resembles the physical object

ex: visualize picture of duck

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11
Q

what is the dual coding theory?

A

systems can communicate, have option of dual coding and can encode things propositionally and analogous to real images

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12
Q

what is the concreteness effect (part of dual coding theory)

A

2 codes better than 1

  • some words are more concrete than others
  • you translate the verbal representation into mental image, when you do that you have 2 codes representing the concrete words
  • some words cannot form good image (trust, freedom– abstract words), hard to remember with only one propositional code
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13
Q

do concreteness effects require 2 codes?

A

maybe we just form better verbal descriptions of concrete objects

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14
Q

hypothesis of dual coding theory

A

if mental images are represented as analog codes, imagery should resemble perception

(if mental images are like pictures in our heads, mental imagery should share characteristics with perception)

  • people often fail to notice precise visual details when they look at an object, these details also missing form their mental image of this object
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15
Q

4 examples of dual coding theory

A

1) behavioural effects
2) shared neutral activity
3) neural specialization
4) inference (mental images and perception of images interfere with one another)

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16
Q

mental rotation during analog coding

(reaction time)

  • activity where?
A
  • mentally rotate the object to se if they match the other pair

RT increases with angle (linearly)

  • parietal activity increases with angle
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17
Q

who researched about mental rotation (analog coding)

A

shepard and metzler

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18
Q

what did the PET scans show during mental rotation (analog coding)

  • rotate with hands
  • watched electric motor
  • receive instruction
  • imagine rotate themselves
A
  • rotated image with hands= primary motor cortex
  • watched electric motor rotate= no activity in primary motor cortex
  • receive instructions= right frontal and parietal activated
  • imagining rotating themselves to “see” the figure from different perspective = temporal lobe, part of motor cortex
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19
Q

size (analog coding)

A

quicker to make decision with the bigger picture (answer specific questions)

  • rabbit next to elephant then fly (asked specific questions)
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20
Q

distance (analog coding)

A
  • takes more time to traverse longer distances in real world and mental images
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21
Q

what are experimenter- expectancy effects?

A

researches biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment
- cannot account for obtained results

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22
Q

what is a cognitive map?

A

mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us
- represents areas that are too large to be seen in a single glance

  • high ecological validity
  • create map by integrating the info that we have acquired from many successive views
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23
Q

who is good at using cognitive maps

A
  • people tend to be accurate in judging ability to find their way to unfamiliar locations, metacognition about spatial ability is reasonably correct
  • people good at mental rotation more skilled at using maps
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24
Q

how to improve performance using cognitive maps?

A

people with poor spatial skills can improve their performance by noticing landmarks on route, look back to see return route

  • judgements are easier when mental map and physical map have matching orientations
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25
Q

what is a heuristic

  • used when?
A

general problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution (not always)

  • often used when making judgements of cognitive map, tend to show systematic distortions in distance, shape and relative position
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26
Q

how are people distance estimates often distorted?

A
  • number of intervening cities, category membership, whether destination is landmark etc.
  • 2 cities perceived closer if no intervening cities between them
  • tend to shift each location closer to sites in same category (courthouse close to police station, not gold course)
  • distortions when estimate large-scale distances (greater when separated by border)
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27
Q

what is the border bias?

A

people estimate that the distance between 2 specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographic border

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28
Q

what is the landmark effect?

A

general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark (important geographical location) than non-landmark

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29
Q

what is the 90-degree-angle heuristic?

A

represent angles in mental map closer to 90 degrees that they really are
- easier to store schematic version of event, rather than a precise version of that event that includes trivial details

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30
Q

symmetry heuristic

A

remember figures as being more symmetrical and regular than they really are

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31
Q

rotation heuristic

A

we remember slightly tilted geographic structure as being either more vertical/horizontal than it really is

ex: rotating single coastline, country, building clockwise/counter clockwise

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32
Q

alignment heuristic

A

remember series of geographic structures as being arranged in straighter liner than they are

  • ex: line up buildings in row, or countries
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33
Q

what is the spatial framework model?

A

above-below framework dimension important in our thinink

front- back framework moderately important

right-left framework least important

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34
Q

why is above-below framework important (spatial framework model)

A
  • vertical dimension is correlated with gravity, which has asymmetric effect on world we perceive (objects fall downward)
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35
Q

Why is front-back framework moderately important

spatial framework model

A
  • usually interact with objects in front of us more easily than with objects in back
36
Q

what is the right left dimension? (spatial framework model)

A

usually perceive objects equally well on left or right

  • need additional processing time to ensure not to confuse right with left
37
Q

situated cognition approach

A

helps understand many cognitive tasks, important when creating mental maps, forming concepts and solving problems

  • make use of helpful info in immediate environment
  • knowledge depends on context that surrounds us
38
Q

Magnitude (analog coding)

A

closer angles are the longer it takes to make decision

- shown clocks

39
Q

masking effect

A
  • see visual target more accurately if they create mental images of vertical lines on each side of the target
40
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that might convey the experimenters hypothesis to the participant
(one type= experimental expectancy)

41
Q

what is the imagery debate?

2 perspectives

A

1) analog perspective- create mental image of an object that closely resembles the actual perceptual image on your retina
2) propositional perspective- mental images are stores in an abstract, language- like form that does not physically resemble original stimulus

42
Q

what are topographical representations

analog coding

A
  • retinotopy in V1
  • look at pattern of radioactive tracer in neurons
  • if could maintain relationships in V1 to retintopy, then could form mental image
43
Q

fMRI (analog coding)

A

neural activity in visual cortex

  • see changing in V1 activity, when see stimulus come on and when you imagined it came on
44
Q

brain lesions (analog coding)

A

effect of brain lesion on imagery is mimicked in subjective report of imagery

45
Q

patient with brain lesion (analog coding)

A

patient MGS- tested before and after surgical excision of right occipital cortex
- person has epilepsy, removed right occipital lobe (vision and perception)

  • perception reduced FoV (field of view)
  • Overflow test- imagining walking towards horse until fills visual field, how far from it are you?
46
Q

brain damage in basic region of visual cortex

A

have parallel problems in visual perception and visual imagery

  • some cannot distinguish between the colours registered during visual perception and the visual imagery created in a mental image
47
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

cannot visually recognize faces

  • able to perceive other objects relatively normally
  • cannot use mental imagery to distinguish between faces
48
Q

visuo-spatial neglect (analog coding)

A
  • perception and imagery
  • damage to right parietal lobes causes perceptual problems in left space, and also when people reported imaged scenes/objects
49
Q

analog coding: specialization

fMRI
perception and imagination

A

perception

  • fusiform face area/ visual expertise- gets excited when shown faces
  • parahippocampal place area gets excited about places (ex; eiffel tower)

imagination

  • when imagined face: see high activity in fusiform face area relative to place area
  • when imagining place: see high activity in parahippocampal place area (not fusiform face area)
  • specialization in perception holds true when imagining stimuli
50
Q

inferences (analog coding)

modality specific, design

A

modality specific
- visual perception and visual imagery interfere with one another, same with auditory perception and imagery

  • factorial design
    (imagery modality X detection modality)
    – have interaction because it DEPENDS
    – inference when imagine and detection modality is the same, evidence for analog code
51
Q

3 challenges to analog view

A

1) double dissociation
2) embedded images
3) imagery illusions

52
Q

what is double dissociation (analog challenge)

A
  • imagery and perception are not identical

- can damage them different (may share some same pathways)

53
Q

what are embedded images (analog challenge)

example

A
  • cant consult imagined image the same as you consult perceived image
  • propositional coding?- might have to use words

ex: does star have parallelograms

54
Q

what are imagery illusions? (analog challenges)

A
  • an object has more than one interpretation

- there is something different about ways we consult image and how we consult real images we are looking at

55
Q

what is spatial ability? (3 components)

A
  • not unitary
    1) spatial specialization- ask people to look at sketch of busy street, find hidden drawings of faces

2) spatial perception- dark room adjusting illuminated rod so that it is exactly vertical
3) mental rotation- look at 2 figures, decide whether identical if rotated one (males faster)

56
Q

2 components of auditory imagery

A

1) pitch

2) timbre

57
Q

what is pitch (auditory imagery)

A
  • characteristic of sound that can be arranged on scale of low to high
  • need longer to “travel” longer auditory distances (from cat purr to siren (longer) VS cat purr to slamming door- shorter)
58
Q

what is timbre (auditory imagery)

A

describes the quality of a tone

  • cognitive representation for timbre of actual instrument is similar to representation of the timbre of imagined instrument
59
Q

majority of mental imagery used by college students was

A

visual

60
Q

the imager debate concerns the major, unresolved theoretical controversy in the field of imagery research– that is, whether people store images…

A

in terms of an analog code or in terms of a propositional code

61
Q

in early study on mental rotation (shepard and metzler) people judged whether pairs of figures in different orientations were the same or different. What did this study demonstrate?

A

reaction time is related to the amount of mental rotation necessary to make same-different judgements

62
Q

which variable greatly influences reaction times in experiments on mental rotation

A

the greater the degrees of physical rotation, the more time is required for mental rotation

63
Q

research on mental rotation found that time to rotate mental image..

A

was the same as that required to rotate equivalent physical objects

64
Q

some researchers recently conducted PET scans while people manually rotates some geometrical line drawings. Then the same people mentally rotated the drawings. Researchers found that/..

A

during both manual and mental rotation, neural activity increased in the primary motor cortex

65
Q

judgement of similarity of imagery and shapes (ex; with colorado and Oregon)

A

judgements of similarity of shape of states comparable when people are presented the actual shape of the states or simply the names of the states

66
Q

various experiments on visual imager, such as one in which participants compared shapes of states of USA, led one researcher (Paivio) to conclude that imagery coding is..

A

analog

67
Q

what can an imagery task interfere?

A

visual imagery task can interfere with perception

68
Q

research on mental imagery and ambiguous figures has found that people use..

A

either analog or propositional code

69
Q

mental imagery uses … (processing)

A

top down

70
Q

some cognitive psychologists think imagery representations are stored in analog code, others think that they are based on…

A

propositional code

71
Q

recent article that summarized previous meta-analysis focusing on gender differences concluded that (3)

A
  • men outperform women on imagery task that require mental rotation
  • men and women little/no difference in verbal ability
  • men and women little/no difference in mathematics ability
72
Q

recent evidence concerning brain areas involved in imagery suggests that..

A

visual imagery may activate some of the same pathways that are involved in visual perception

73
Q

when person is engaged in visual-imagery task, one part of the brain that has been recently discovered to be activated is the …

A

primary visual cortex

74
Q

cognitive map is..

A

mental representation of how you remember information

- fairly accurate, and errors that they contain tend to be rational

75
Q

a systematic distortion seen in cognitive maps is that people tend to construct maps in which…

A

distances seem longer if the intervening spaces is empty than if it is filed (ex: with many cities)

76
Q

when people receive verbal description of a particular environment, such as directions to someones house, they create representations to represent relevant features of a scene. Representations are called

A
  • cognitive maps
77
Q

according to the spatial framework model

A

the vertical (above-below) dimension is especially prominent in thinking and reacting

78
Q

according to research on mental imagery, people take longer to make a judgement when 2 mental images have similar shapes than when they have different shapes, this finding tends to support (which approach)

A

analog-code approach

79
Q

one of the most difficult problems in conducting research on imagery is that

A

it is difficult to examine such an inaccessible mental process

80
Q

Paivio conducted a study on mental imagery for the faces of clocks. His study demonstrated that

A

high-imagery people have faster RT than low-imagery people

81
Q

research on visual imagery and interference shows that (and example)

A

people have trouble seeing blue arrow when they are imagining a tree

82
Q

people saw ambiguous figure (ex: sketch of rabbit/duck). when figure was removed, the people were asked to create mental image of figure, results show that..

A

people created the mental image

but could not interpret the mental image

83
Q

suppose participate in study in which the experimenter has strong beliefs about how the study should turn out, and these biases influence how you perform. Example of

A

experimenter expectancy

84
Q

textbook discusses research showing that people have better acuity for mental images that are visualized in the center of the retina (rather than periphery) reason that this research is significant..

A

research is similar to the results obtained when people perceive actual visual stimuli

85
Q

reed conducted research demonstrating people had difficulty locating a parallelogram in mental image of a star, research supports that

A

the idea that we use verbal descriptions to store mental images

86
Q

research on cognitive maps suggests that

A

people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large

87
Q

textbook re-examines the analog viewpoint of imagery, according to this discussion ..

A

mental imagery is somewhat similar to perception, and these 2 processes activate similar structures in the cortex

2130: Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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