Chapter 7

Question 1

What is high-grade energy ?

Answer 1

Energy able to perform work such as chemical (bond energy), electrical (membrane potential,action potential), mechanical (kinetic, gravitational potential).

Question 2

What is low-grade energy?

Answer 2

Energy unable to perform work only molecular kinetic energy, heat that is the ultimate destiny for other energy form.

Question 3

What factors affect metabolic rate in animals?

Answer 3

Body size,eating,exercise

Question 4

Metabolic rate best measured by

Answer 4

Calorimetry- (Direct/Indirect) AKA material balance

Question 5

Direct Calorimeter

Answer 5

measures heat leaving body

Question 6

Indirect Calorimeter

Answer 6

measures rate of respiratory gas exchange w/ its environment & measures chemical- energy content of organic matter that enters/leaves the body.
-O2 consumption

Question 7

Calculate Respiratory exchange ratio (R)

Answer 7

Foodstuff-RER
Carbs-1.0
Lipids-0.71
Protein-0.83

Question 8

Interpret RER/ What measurements are required to calculate it ?

Answer 8

RER=moles of CO2 produced per unit time/ moles of O2 consumed per unit time
-Req to cal
02 consumed
CO2 produced 
glucose consumed

Question 9

not isometric(straight line 1) w/ body weight but it is allometry, can calculate the metabolic rate per unit of body weight

Answer 9

weight specific metabolic rate

Question 10

EXP=1

Answer 10

Isometry

Question 11

exp>1

Answer 11

positive allometry

Question 12

exp

Answer 12

negative allometry

Question 13

BMR and SMR relation?

Answer 13

• measured while the animal is resting/fasting
• exercise produces metabolic rate increase
• feeding causes metabolic rate increase(SDA)

Question 14

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 14

used for homothermic animals, measured at their thermoneutral zone,or the temp range in which it is minimal

Question 15

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Answer 15

used for poikilothermic animals and is specific to the temp at which it is measured, many SMR for a given individual.

Question 16

Multiple underlying causes theory

Answer 16

-rates of underlying biochemical processes (rate of ATP production) interact to produce a common “organisimal” scaling relationship

Question 17

What theoretical explans the accommadates difference to allometric slope in exercising vs resting animals

Answer 17

multiple underlying causes theory

Question 18

What theroretical explains the scaling of metabolic rate as combined effects of underlying process

Answer 18

multiple underlying causes

Question 19

Energy

Answer 19

capacity to do mechanical work, measured as the product of force and distance or capacity to increase order.

Question 20

heat- random atomic molecular motion

Answer 20

molecular kinetic energy

Question 21

when b is not 1, unproportional

Answer 21

Allometric equation

Question 22

M=aW

Answer 22

b equal to 1, proportional relation

Question 23

Rubner’s Surface area law (1883)

Answer 23

based on the surface area to volume ratio, which grows as 2/3 in a geometrically scaling system.

Question 24

developed for animals, release heat through their body surface, but doesn’t explain the allometry for other poikilothermic animals.

Answer 24

Rubner’s law

Question 25

Branching circulatory systems must fill space optimally to service all cells. 3/4 exponent

Answer 25

fractal, space-filing transport theory

Question 26

Specific Dynamic Action

Answer 26

feeding causes increase in metabolic rate