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Physiology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes primarily

A

steroid hormones.

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2
Q

hormones is directly controlled by a hypothalamic releasing hormone?

A

ACTH

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3
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from

A

cholesterol on demand and are released into the blood via diffusion.

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4
Q

Which of the following hormones is not directly involved in regulating the extracellular concentration of calcium in mammals?

a. Parathyroid stimulating hormone
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Active vitamin D
d. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
e. Calcitonin

A

A

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5
Q

Which of the following insect hormones is not directly involved in ecdysis?

a. Juvenile hormone
b. Ecdysone
c. Pre-ecdysis triggering hormone
d. Ecdysis triggering hormone
e. Bursicon

A

e

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a result of sympathetic activation?

a. Increased heart rate
b. Release of glucocorticoids
c. Decreased digestion
d. Vasoconstriction
e. Release of epinephrine

A

B

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7
Q

will stimulate mobilization of glucagon?

A

not eating

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8
Q

A neuron that releases the contents of its vesicles into the bloodstream rather than a synapse is called a

A

neurosecretory cell

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9
Q

describes the mechanism of ADH?

A

Aquaporins are added to membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be reabsorbed.

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10
Q

hormones is produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

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11
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine together amplify each other’s effectiveness in opposing the actions of insulin. This amplification is an example of

A

synergism.

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12
Q

The specialized vascular system in the anterior pituitary, which transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, is called the _______ portal system.

A

hypothalamo–hypophysial

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13
Q

chemical signals released into the environment to convey information to other animals of the same species?

A

Pheromones and synomones

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14
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesized by

A

transcription of DNA, translation, and posttranslational processing.

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15
Q

Which of the following will not occur during a stress response?

a. Increased heart rate
b. An increase in insulin
c. Release of glucocorticoids
d. Mobilization of glucose
e. Increased ventilation

A

b

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16
Q

hormones acts to reduce plasma volume?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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17
Q

Aldosterone _______ reabsorption of _______ so that more water is _______

A

increases; Na+; reabsorbed

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18
Q

directly controls insect metamorphosis?

A

Prothoracicotropic hormone, ecdysone, and juvenile hormone

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a tropic hormone?

a. Growth hormone
b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
d. Luteinizing hormone
e. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

A

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20
Q

what passes through cell membranes and cause a delayed effect via alteration of gene expression and attach to cell surface receptors and exert rapid non-genomic effects.

A

steroid hormones

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21
Q

endocrine/neuroendocrine works at a ___, ____ control system

A

slow, broadcast

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22
Q

ES: main chemical agents are ____, which secrete into the ____ by secretary cells, that may be organized into discrete ____ _____.

A

hormones, bloodstream, endocrine gland

23
Q

ES: hormones bind to what? and respond based on what?

A

target cells, and respond based on the presences and concentration of receptor molecules specific to that hormone.

24
Q

ES: target cells alter their what in response to what?

A

metabolism in response to binding the hormone and may release their own hormones

25
Q

ES: hormone concentration in the blood determines what? and controlled by both?

A

magnitude of the effect and are controlled by both the rate of secretion and rate of removal/degradation.

26
Q

what is a hormone?

A

metabolically produced chemical that exerts regulatory influences on the function of distant cells

27
Q

T/F: hormone effective at very low concentration?

A

T

28
Q

hormones secreted into the ?

A

blood or extracellular fluid

29
Q

3 types of chemical hormones?

A

steroid, peptide/protein , amine

30
Q

synthesized from cholestrol, lipid soluble?

A

steroid hormone

31
Q

a few to several hundreds amino acids, water soluble?

A

peptide/ protein hormone

32
Q

modified amino acids, soluble in water or lipids?

A

amine hormone

33
Q

hormones bind to ___ in target cells, so despite being broadcast they have specific actions

A

receptors

34
Q

Steroid Hormones Type 1 is what? and whats the carrier bound?

A

not stored but synthesized on demand and secreted by diffusion. carrier bound : LDL and HDL

35
Q

Peptide/protein hormone type 2 is stored in what ?

A

stored in vesicles and secreted on demand.

36
Q

Type 3: Amine Hormone is stored in what?

A

stored in vesicles and secreted on demand

37
Q

Some hormones are _____ activated (e.g. T4 to T3)

A

peripherally

38
Q

Effects of hormones: T/F: Any and all metabolic changes in target cells, including upregulation and downregulation of enzymes, and transcription of DNA.

A

T

39
Q

Hormones may bind to what types of receptors?

A

g protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, or enzyme-linked membrane receptors

40
Q

Effects of hormones: may active second messenger via

A

G proteins

41
Q

Steroid hormones act as _____ factors, once bound to _____ receptor

A

transcription, intracellular

42
Q

Tropins influence what? (thyrotropin)

A

the activity of other endocrine glands.

43
Q

T/F: Many cells may have receptors, therefore there can be whole organism effects. E.g. insulin affects most cells in the body

A

T

44
Q

Hormones are synthesized, stored and released by what and which are made up of what?

A

endocrine glands, secretory cells

45
Q

another name of endocrine glands

A

ductless gland

46
Q

glands can be discrete like what, or diffuse like what?

A

like the testis or pituitary, and diffuse like the adrenal gland of amphibian or the gastrin secreting G cells of the stomach lining.

47
Q

secretory cells can be either ???

A

epithelial or neurosecretory

48
Q

T/F: epithelial secretory cells secrete hormones in response to other hormones but can also respond to neural input.

A

t

49
Q

T/F: neurosecretory cells are triggered to secrete neurohormones by synaptic input from neurons.

A

T

50
Q

“Glands” come in two types?

A

exocrine and endocrine

51
Q

Insulin stored in?

A

vesicles

52
Q

Prolactin comes from the __________ and its function in mammals is to __________.

A

anterior pitutitary…promote milk production

53
Q

T/F: Synergism is the mechanism in which one hormone is required to be present in order for another to function.

A

F , Permissiveness

Physiology (15 decks)

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