Chapter 14 Flashcards
Sensory Receptor Cells encodes a ____ from the _____ or the ____ to provide ____ to the ___.
stimulus ,environment, body, information, CNS.
Specialized cells that transform stimulus energy into a membrane potential(usually depolarizing ) or an AP.
Sensory receptor cells
SRC can be ___ or ____ cells, and can be ___ or _____.
neurons, non-neural, exteroceptors, interoceptors
Receptors cells are often organized into ___ organs, which are part of a ______ system.
sense, sensory
Form of energy to which a sensory cell responds as?
stimulus
stimuli can be what 4 types, which can be subdivided?
mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, thermal
all sensory stimuli are ultimately transduced to ___, and sent to ___ by ____.
AP, CNS, labeled lines
what is the language of the nervous system?
membrane potential
signals are sent along?
labeled lines
sensory signals are distinguished by ___ which carry the signal, but the signal is the ____ APs.
axons, same
ST: _____ to CNS.
transmission
ST: ____ of signal into a ___ of ___ that holds information about ____ of stimulus.
coding, train, AP, strength
ST: ____ of receptor potentials in the initiation of an AP..”retina of vertebrates”
Intergration
ST: what allows receptor potential to the site of AP generation?
Spreading
ST: ____ by the release of stored energy, such as ____ potential in response to a small stimulus.
Amplification, memebrane
ST: ____ of stimulus energy into receptor potential.
Transduction
Sensory Transduction is performed by ?
sensory cells
ST: Specialized cells transform stimulus energy into a _____ potential or ____ potential.
action,membrane
ST: energy before it reaches the sensory receptor “iris of the eye reducing light entry”
peripheral filtering
ST:____ of stimulus energy, as opposed to ______.
Absorption, transmisson
Receptors respond to stimuli by generating a ____ membrane potential, called ____ ____, usually by ___ influx.
graded, receptor potential, Na+
Receptors can adapt ____ (phasically) or ____ (tonically)
rapidly, slowly
The amplitude of the RP is?
a function of stimulus intensity
once coded as a train of AP, the ___ of APS, is a ?
rate , function of stimulus intensity
signals set to the CNS are all simply ___ of ___, where they are sent determines which stimulus they represent.
trains of APs
____ of APs hold information about ____ of events
timing
many receptors have _____ ____ that adjust sensitivity up or down.
efferent control
_____ has evolved and elaborated several times in evolution
photoreception
T/F: Primitive retinal plates and cups may have given rise to complex camera and compound eyes.
t
Vertebrates receptors are ___ and ___ w/ a _____ outer segment and a ____ inner segment.
rods, cones, sensitive, synptic
light actives _____, which causes a _____ of the cell membrane via a ____ and ___.
Rhodopsin, Hyperpolarization, g-protein, cGMP
light causes ____ of normally open Na+ channels and hyperpolarization , by turning off ___ ___ of ____ influx.
closing,dark current, Na+
dark Vm is about ___mV?
-40
what is used up in the receptor and regenerates outside the receptor by slow enzymatic process?
Rhodopsin
T/F: VP of vertebrates are patterns of light and dark rather than overall illumination , holds detailed visual information
T
Site of Photoreception
Retina
Retina is also the site of considerable visual processing via what kinds of cells???
bipolar,horizontal,amacrine,ganglion cells
Lateral inhibition ( contrast enhancement) occurs in the _____ of ____ cells.
receptive fields, ganglion
Ganglion cells are either ___ or ____, w/ respect to their pattern of sensitivity.
on-center, off-center
multiple levels of intergration and processing, from ____ to ____ of cerebrum.
retinal, visual cortex
Center of receptive fields is mediated by _____ pathways, involving what cells?
straight-through, bipolar
Surround of receptive fields is mediated by ____ pathways. involving what cells?
laterial, horizontal, amacrine, bipolar
Vm reversal may occur at ?
on-center bipolar
Example of mechanoreception?
hearing, accerleation, posture
what senses the body posture and position of limbs?
Proprioception
muscle spindle organs in vertebrates monitor muscle length via??
spiral nerve endings
Gravity and acceleration are detected by what in invertebrates and vertebrates?
invertebrate: statoliths
vertebrate: vestibular organ
Vestibular organs contain ____ for transducing gravity and linear acceleration and ____ for transducing angular acceleration.
otoliths, semicircular canals
common in mechanoreceptors, and transduce hair
displacement to a receptor potential?
hair cells
In audition, sounds of different frequencies excite different
populations of receptors, among vertebrates, in the ___ of the ____.
basilar membrane,cochlea
Information is encoded as ____ and___ differences (sound
shadowing)
time, intensity
Calls and echos encode____, ____ and ___ of targets.
distance,velocity,size
Ex of Chemoreception
taste and olfaction
In hair cells, ____ is mechanically linked and is the sensory structure?
stereocilia
Contact is ___ and distance is ____ reception?
taste, olfaction
Insects “taste hairs” have ___,___,___ receptors, which respond diffferently to diff chemicals.
salt,sugar,water
T/F: vertebrates taste: salty,sweet,sour, bitter, unami and are transduced in taste buds which house receptors cells.
t
what is by many diverse mechanisms and ion flow?
transduction
olfaction is more complex w/ 1000+ types of receptors in vertebrates, each coded by a different ??
gene
contact chemoreception (taste) in blowfish is through ____ on its ____.
sensilla,feet
separate neurons detect ___,___,____
sugar,salt,water
In vertebrate taste buds, the receptor cells are not
neurons, but rather?
epithelial cells
T/F: Four or five tastes are encoded by different receptors.
True
Based on spectral sensitivities of human retinal cones, what types of cones do we have?
Blue cones, green cones, and red cones
In the visual projection pathway of mammals, the geniculostriate pathway projects?
to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex.
How does the CNS differentiate between sensory signals from the PNS?
The different sensory pathways project to different areas of the cerebral cortex.
most likely mechanism for odorant receptor molecules in mammals?
Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel.
what type of cells in the retina have their most prominent action in the lateral pathway, as opposed to the straight-through pathway?
Horizontal cells
structure is most commonly used as the auditory organ in insects?
Tympanal organ
mechanoreceptor cell in mammalian skin?
Merkel disk, Meissner corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscl, Ruffini ending
In the taste sensilla of Drosophila, which of the following substances would not likely be detected?
a. Water
b. Fructose
c. NaCl
d. A bitter substance, such as quinine
e. Starch
E
Which of the following statements regarding the mechanism of hearing is false?
a. Sound travels into the semicircular canal and vibrates the tectorial membrane.
b. Displacement of the hair cells in one direction depolarizes the hair cell membrane.
c. The sound amplitude relates to the amount of hair cell membrane depolarization.
d. Inner hair cells are responsible for most of the afferent signal to the brain.
e. High frequency sounds tend to bend hair cells near the oval window.
A
When light activates rhodopsin, the result at the vertebrate rod or cone outer membrane is
hyperpolarization.
In the vertebrate eye, the main transduction event takes place
retina
_______ is the vertebrate sense in which the “resting,” or unexcited, condition of the receptor is depolarized.
vision
Which of the following statements regarding the transduction mechanism of the hair cell is true?
a. Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the tallest stereocilium depolarizes the membrane.
b. The vibration of the hair cell bundle produces an action potential on the membrane.
c. Displacement of the hair cell bundle in any direction depolarizes the membrane.
d. Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the shortest stereocilium depolarizes the membrane.
e. Any movement of the hair cell bundle produces an action potential on the membrane.
A.
Which of the following does not directly relate to transduction of an aspect of sound?
a. The magnitude of hair cell bending
b. The location (population) of hair cells bending
c. The direction of hair cell bending
d. The number of action potentials coming from the hair cell
e. None of the above
D
Which of the following taste quality mechanisms does not involve a G protein receptor?
a. Sweet
b. Sour
c. Bitter
d. Umami
e. None of the above; all are mediated by a G protein receptor.
B
Sensory receptor cells can be classified in all of the following ways except
a. location of the source of the stimulus.
b. sensory modality.
c. form of stimulus energy.
d. mechanism of transduction.
e. sense organ.
E
In many vertebrates, _______ predominantly detect pheromones.
the vomeronasal organ
Which of the following best describes the first major transduction event in the vertebrate eye?
a. Retinal changes from cis- to trans-isomer.
b. Opsin changes conformation.
c. Action potentials are generated in the optic nerve.
d. Activated rhodopsin activates a G protein.
e. Light is refracted at the lens to focus on the retina.
A
what senses has a receptor cell that directly produces an action potential?
Olfactory
Which statement best describes the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrate rods?
a. Rhodopsin does not need to be regenerated.
b. Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is instantaneous.
c. Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is slow.
d. Enzymatic regeneration is slow.
e. Enzymatic regeneration is based on dark adaptation.
D
An accessory olfactory organ of vertebrates that mediates many (but not all) sensory responses to pheromones.
vomeronasal organ
An organ of hearing in which sound vibrates a tympanal membrane (“eardrum”) to activate auditory receptor cells. The term is usually used for insect hearing organs, although the vertebrate ear is also a_____
tympanal organ
A G protein that is activated by rhodopsin in photoreceptors, leading to a receptor potential.
transducin
Chemoreception of stimuli that are dissolved or suspended in liquids, typically requiring higher stimulus concentrations than olfaction. are often, but not always, localized around the mouth.
taste
A change in the external environment or in internal conditions that can be detected by an animal.
stimulus
A sense organ that can detect acceleration and the direction of gravitational force.
statocyst
The process by which the energy of a physical stimulus is converted into an electrical signal in a sensory receptor cell.
sensory transduction
A sensory cell that is specialized to respond to a particular kind of environmental stimulus.
sensory receptor cell
The class of stimulus that evokes a sensory response. The classical sensory modalities are vision (light is the stimulus that evokes a response), hearing (sound), touch, smell, and taste.
sensory modality
A sensory hair of arthropods; not related to vertebrate hair, but rather a hollow chitinous projection of the exoskeleton that is associated with sensory receptor neurons.
sensillum
The light-absorbing pigment of photoreceptors that initiates the visual response to light; composed of retinal and the protein opsin.
rhodopsin
The layer of photoreceptor cells and other neurons that line the inside of a vertebrate eye.
retina
The graded change in membrane potential that occurs in a sensory receptor cell when it is stimulated.
receptor potential
In sensory systems, the region of a sensory surface within which stimulation changes the activity of a particular neuron.
receptive field
Response of a sensory cell to light stimulation. ____ cells contain a photopigment that absorbs light and triggers a response.
photoreception
In the organ of Corti of the cochlea, the three rows of hair cells that amplify the sound-produced local movements that stimulate the inner hair cells to activate cochlear sensory neurons.
outer hair cells
A region of the cochlea in the vertebrate ear containing the inner and outer hair cells that transduce sound vibrations into electrical signals.
organ of Corti
The sense of smell; chemoreception of molecules released at a distance away from the animal. Among chemoreceptors, olfactory receptors are typically more sensitive than taste receptors and respond to distant or dilute chemical stimuli (odorants) that are usually airborne in terrestrial animals.
olfaction
A stretch receptor that is arranged in parallel with the tension-producing fibers of a muscle and sends action potentials to the central nervous system when the muscle is stretched.
muscle spindle
The portion of the vertebrate ear between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea.
middle ear
In the vertebrate ear, a sensory area in the vestibular organs containing hair cells that monitor tilt and acceleration of the head.
macula
In a vertebrate, the cochlea and the semicircular canals of the vestibular organ.
inner ear
A sensory epithelial cell in a vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system that transduces displacement of its apical stereocilia into an electrical signal.
hair cell
A type of peripheral ganglion found at the dorsal root of a spinal nerve, containing cell bodies of the sensory neurons in that nerve.
dorsal root ganglion
The ionic current, carried mainly by Na+ ions, that flows into the outer segments of vertebrate photoreceptors in the dark. Light absorption leads to closing of the Na+ channels, turning off the dark current and hyperpolarizing the photoreceptor.
dark current
A multifaceted eye characteristic of arthropods, composed of many individual optical units called ommatidia.
compound eye
A membranous tissue within the cochlea of the vertebrate ear that contains the auditory sensory hair cells and is vibrated by sound waves.
basilar membrane
An eye that optically resembles a camera, with a lens that focuses an image on a retina of light-sensitive cells.
camera eye
A membrane protein that aids the passive transport of a solute across a membrane without undergoing any sort of chemical binding with that solute. ____ participate particularly in passive transport of inorganic ions across membranes. See also water channel.
channel
A sensory response to a chemical stimulus. _____includes taste (also termed the gustatory sense) and olfaction (the sense of smell), as well as other chemical sensitivities.
chemoreception
A part of the inner ear of many vertebrates, coiled in mammals, that contains the auditory sensory hair cells.
cochlea
