Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the vertebrate nervous system is true?

a. White matter is composed almost entirely of unmyelinated tracts of neurons.
b. The cerebral cortex is part of the midbrain, or mesencephalon.
c. Spinal nerves run from the brain to the spinal cord.
d. Cranial nerves run within the brain and spinal cord.
e. Gray matter is composed of intermingled neuronal cell bodies, processes, and synaptic contacts.

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of an arthropod central nervous system?

a. A cross section of a ganglion consisting of gray matter and white matter.
b. Neuronal bodies located throughout the entire animal.
c. Lack of cephalization.
d. A CNS consisting of a single continuous column.
e. A CNS consisting of a chain of segmental ganglia.

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the absence of environmental cues, the biological rhythm that persists is called a(n)

A

free-running rhythm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is not directly related to neuronal plasticity?

a. Short-term memory
b. Localized increases in brain metabolic activity
c. Long-term memory
d. Neural connections changing in strength
e. New neurons developing

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following actions is not considered a sympathetic effect?

a. Simulation of the secretion of epinephrine
b. Inhibition of digestion
c. Increased heart rate
d. Increased blood pressure
e. Constriction of lung passages

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

terms refers to the concentration of nervous structures and functions in the head region?

A

Cephalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The _______ division has a long preganglionic neuron synapsed with a short postganglionic neuron.

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following is not considered to be related to biological clocks?

a. Melatonin
b. Peristalsis
c. Superchiasmatic nucleus
d. Pineal gland
e. Jet lag

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most tissues in the body are under _______ control.

A

both neural and endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Of a squid, an earthworm, a human, a cockroach, and a bacterium, how many have a brain?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A biological rhythm brought into phase with an environmental rhythm is said to be

A

entrained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acid-secreting cells of the stomach are controlled by

A

the autonomic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Application of acetylcholine directly to the heart will

A

cause the heart to slow down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Application of acetylcholine all along the paravertebral ganglia will

A

cause the heart to speed up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

brain subdivisions is responsible for higher sensory, motor, and integrative functions?

A

Telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The timekeeping mechanism in a cell typically depends on

A

the rhythmic alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A _______ is a term used when parts of the body are mapped onto the cerebral cortex in a way that preserves their anatomical position on the body.

A

somatotopic map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

most accurate definition of circadian rhythm?

A

An endogenous rhythm that has a period of about one day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A _______ is a swelling that contains discrete aggregations of nerve cell bodies and processes

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Components of nervous system:

A

neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

components of endocrine system:

A

endocrine cells,glands, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

System that is fast and addressed also up too 100 impulses per sec, 100 m/s, and neurons form synapses w/ specific target tisses

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

system that is slow and broadcast, takes secs/min to produce effects, effects lasting hours,days, weeks, and hormones are released into bloodstream potentially affecting all cells.

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epithelial cells and specialized neurons secrete

A

hormones or neurohormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Neurons secrete ____ with very local effects.

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Autocrine and paracrine chemicals have very ___ ___.

A

local effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cell bodies are centers of _____. The more
neurons in an area of the nervous system, the
more integration and ____.

A

integration, processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Present in Hydra and other cnidarians - diffuse and

unpolarized.

A

Ancestral nerve net

30
Q

Collection of neurons into a integration and processing

center called a central nervous system (CNS).

A

Centralization

31
Q

Concentration of neurons in head (brain) - related to

directional movement and sensory systems.

A

Cephalization

32
Q

Two types of CNS based on overall organization

A

Vertebrate: columnar
invertebrate: ganglionic

33
Q

Columnar NS of vertebrates. Cell bodies are ___, axons are ____l.

A

central,peripheral

34
Q

Ganglionic nervous system of cell bodies of arthropods. Ganglial cells are ___.

A

peripheral

35
Q

Center for sensory-motor integration. Brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

36
Q

No sensory-motor integration.
Somatic and autonomic divisions
• Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
• Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”

A

PNS

37
Q

senses of touch, hearing, taste, etc.

A

Somatic sensory

38
Q

Somatic motor

A

muscles

39
Q

signals from organs

A

autonomic sensory

40
Q

autonomic motor

A

organs,smooth muscle,heary

41
Q

areas of the brain are devoted to specialized functions.

A

localization of function

42
Q

the more neurons, the larger the brain area, and the more integration occurs there.

A

size of brain regions

43
Q

sensory and motor maps (point to
point correspondence of outside world with its
representation in the brain) - retinas, homunculi.

A

maps in the brain

44
Q

synapses are ever changing; learning literally changes the wiring of your brain.

A

Plasticity of neural circuits

45
Q 
• Higher integrative functions.
• Memory, emotions, sensory
integration, motor control,
homeostasis.
• Cerebral cortex.
A

forebrain

46
Q

• Visual and auditory integration

A

midbrain

47
Q

• Motor coordination, respiration,
autonomic control.
• Cerebellum, medulla.

A

hindbrain

48
Q

“thoracolumbar division”

Noradrenergic,as in “adrenaline”

A

sympathetic divison

49
Q

“craniosacral division”

Cholinergic, as in “acetylcholine”

A

parasympathetic divison

50
Q

The topographic representation or mapping of the body surface onto a region of the brain—for example, in the vertebrate somatosensory cortex.

A

somatotopic map

51
Q

A histological region of the vertebrate central nervous system that consists largely of tracts of neuronal axons. The abundance of myelin imparts a glistening white sheen to the tissue.

A

white matter

52
Q

In a vertebrate, segmental nerves of the peripheral nervous system that attach to the spinal cord.

A

spinal nerves

53
Q

The part of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and provides afferent information from sensory receptors not associated with internal organs

A

somatic nervous system

54
Q

Day length; the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour day.

A

photoperiod

55
Q

An environmental cue that can entrain a biological clock, synchronizing it to environmental changes (such as the daily light-dark cycle). Also called a zeitgeber.

A

phasing factor

56
Q

An organized constellation of neurons and glial cells specialized for repeated conduction of electrical signals (action potentials) within and between cells. These signals pass from sensory receptors and neurons to other neurons and effectors. Nervous systems integrate the signals of convergent neurons, generate new signals, and modify the properties of neurons based on their interactions.

A

nervous system

57
Q

A collection of axons running together in the peripheral nervous system.

A

nerve

58
Q

A histological region of a vertebrate central nervous system that contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses as well as axons.

A

gray matter

59
Q

An endogenous rhythm that is not entrained by an environmental rhythm.

A

free-running rhythm

60
Q

The process of synchronizing an endogenous rhythm to an environmental rhythm.

A

entrainment

61
Q

One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; exerts largely autonomous control over the gut.

A

enteric division

62
Q

Going away. Thus, for example, an efferent blood vessel carries blood away from an organ of interest.

A

efferent

63
Q

A tissue, organ, or cell that carries out functions under the direction of the nervous system or another physiological control system (e.g., the endocrine system).

A

effector

64
Q

Peripheral nerves that connect to the brain.

A

cranial nerves

65
Q

A bundle of axons that connects the two sides of a bilaterally symmetrical central ganglion or bilateral regions of a central nervous system.

A

commissure

66
Q

The outer part of the cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate forebrain; greatly enlarged in birds and mammals.

A

cerebral cortex

67
Q

The outer layer of the cerebellum of the vertebrate hindbrain; involved in motor coordination and learning.

A

cerebellar cortex

68
Q

The concentration of structures of the nervous system toward the anterior end of an animal, a trend underlying the evolution of anterior brains in many animal groups.

A

cephalization

69
Q

Over the course of evolution, the tendency of animal groups to concentrate integrative neural functions into a central nervous system.

A

centralization

70
Q

Going toward. Thus, for example, an afferent blood vessel carries blood toward an organ of interest.

A

afferent

Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions