Chapter 15 Flashcards
Which of the following statements regarding the vertebrate nervous system is true?
a. White matter is composed almost entirely of unmyelinated tracts of neurons.
b. The cerebral cortex is part of the midbrain, or mesencephalon.
c. Spinal nerves run from the brain to the spinal cord.
d. Cranial nerves run within the brain and spinal cord.
e. Gray matter is composed of intermingled neuronal cell bodies, processes, and synaptic contacts.
E
Which of the following is characteristic of an arthropod central nervous system?
a. A cross section of a ganglion consisting of gray matter and white matter.
b. Neuronal bodies located throughout the entire animal.
c. Lack of cephalization.
d. A CNS consisting of a single continuous column.
e. A CNS consisting of a chain of segmental ganglia.
E
In the absence of environmental cues, the biological rhythm that persists is called a(n)
free-running rhythm.
Which of the following is not directly related to neuronal plasticity?
a. Short-term memory
b. Localized increases in brain metabolic activity
c. Long-term memory
d. Neural connections changing in strength
e. New neurons developing
B
Which of the following actions is not considered a sympathetic effect?
a. Simulation of the secretion of epinephrine
b. Inhibition of digestion
c. Increased heart rate
d. Increased blood pressure
e. Constriction of lung passages
E
terms refers to the concentration of nervous structures and functions in the head region?
Cephalization
The _______ division has a long preganglionic neuron synapsed with a short postganglionic neuron.
parasympathetic
Which of the following is not considered to be related to biological clocks?
a. Melatonin
b. Peristalsis
c. Superchiasmatic nucleus
d. Pineal gland
e. Jet lag
B
Most tissues in the body are under _______ control.
both neural and endocrine
Of a squid, an earthworm, a human, a cockroach, and a bacterium, how many have a brain?
4
A biological rhythm brought into phase with an environmental rhythm is said to be
entrained
Acid-secreting cells of the stomach are controlled by
the autonomic system.
Application of acetylcholine directly to the heart will
cause the heart to slow down
Application of acetylcholine all along the paravertebral ganglia will
cause the heart to speed up.
brain subdivisions is responsible for higher sensory, motor, and integrative functions?
Telencephalon
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
The timekeeping mechanism in a cell typically depends on
the rhythmic alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes
A _______ is a term used when parts of the body are mapped onto the cerebral cortex in a way that preserves their anatomical position on the body.
somatotopic map
most accurate definition of circadian rhythm?
An endogenous rhythm that has a period of about one day
A _______ is a swelling that contains discrete aggregations of nerve cell bodies and processes
ganglion
Components of nervous system:
neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters
components of endocrine system:
endocrine cells,glands, hormones
System that is fast and addressed also up too 100 impulses per sec, 100 m/s, and neurons form synapses w/ specific target tisses
nervous system
system that is slow and broadcast, takes secs/min to produce effects, effects lasting hours,days, weeks, and hormones are released into bloodstream potentially affecting all cells.
endocrine system
Epithelial cells and specialized neurons secrete
hormones or neurohormones
Neurons secrete ____ with very local effects.
neurotransmitter
Autocrine and paracrine chemicals have very ___ ___.
local effect
Cell bodies are centers of _____. The more
neurons in an area of the nervous system, the
more integration and ____.
integration, processing
Present in Hydra and other cnidarians - diffuse and
unpolarized.
Ancestral nerve net
Collection of neurons into a integration and processing
center called a central nervous system (CNS).
Centralization
Concentration of neurons in head (brain) - related to
directional movement and sensory systems.
Cephalization
Two types of CNS based on overall organization
Vertebrate: columnar
invertebrate: ganglionic
Columnar NS of vertebrates. Cell bodies are ___, axons are ____l.
central,peripheral
Ganglionic nervous system of cell bodies of arthropods. Ganglial cells are ___.
peripheral
Center for sensory-motor integration. Brain and spinal cord
CNS
No sensory-motor integration.
Somatic and autonomic divisions
• Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
• Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”
PNS
senses of touch, hearing, taste, etc.
Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
muscles
signals from organs
autonomic sensory
autonomic motor
organs,smooth muscle,heary
areas of the brain are devoted to specialized functions.
localization of function
the more neurons, the larger the brain area, and the more integration occurs there.
size of brain regions
sensory and motor maps (point to
point correspondence of outside world with its
representation in the brain) - retinas, homunculi.
maps in the brain
synapses are ever changing; learning literally changes the wiring of your brain.
Plasticity of neural circuits
• Higher integrative functions. • Memory, emotions, sensory integration, motor control, homeostasis. • Cerebral cortex.
forebrain
• Visual and auditory integration
midbrain
• Motor coordination, respiration,
autonomic control.
• Cerebellum, medulla.
hindbrain
“thoracolumbar division”
Noradrenergic,as in “adrenaline”
sympathetic divison
“craniosacral division”
Cholinergic, as in “acetylcholine”
parasympathetic divison
The topographic representation or mapping of the body surface onto a region of the brain—for example, in the vertebrate somatosensory cortex.
somatotopic map
A histological region of the vertebrate central nervous system that consists largely of tracts of neuronal axons. The abundance of myelin imparts a glistening white sheen to the tissue.
white matter
In a vertebrate, segmental nerves of the peripheral nervous system that attach to the spinal cord.
spinal nerves
The part of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and provides afferent information from sensory receptors not associated with internal organs
somatic nervous system
Day length; the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour day.
photoperiod
An environmental cue that can entrain a biological clock, synchronizing it to environmental changes (such as the daily light-dark cycle). Also called a zeitgeber.
phasing factor
An organized constellation of neurons and glial cells specialized for repeated conduction of electrical signals (action potentials) within and between cells. These signals pass from sensory receptors and neurons to other neurons and effectors. Nervous systems integrate the signals of convergent neurons, generate new signals, and modify the properties of neurons based on their interactions.
nervous system
A collection of axons running together in the peripheral nervous system.
nerve
A histological region of a vertebrate central nervous system that contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses as well as axons.
gray matter
An endogenous rhythm that is not entrained by an environmental rhythm.
free-running rhythm
The process of synchronizing an endogenous rhythm to an environmental rhythm.
entrainment
One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; exerts largely autonomous control over the gut.
enteric division
Going away. Thus, for example, an efferent blood vessel carries blood away from an organ of interest.
efferent
A tissue, organ, or cell that carries out functions under the direction of the nervous system or another physiological control system (e.g., the endocrine system).
effector
Peripheral nerves that connect to the brain.
cranial nerves
A bundle of axons that connects the two sides of a bilaterally symmetrical central ganglion or bilateral regions of a central nervous system.
commissure
The outer part of the cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate forebrain; greatly enlarged in birds and mammals.
cerebral cortex
The outer layer of the cerebellum of the vertebrate hindbrain; involved in motor coordination and learning.
cerebellar cortex
The concentration of structures of the nervous system toward the anterior end of an animal, a trend underlying the evolution of anterior brains in many animal groups.
cephalization
Over the course of evolution, the tendency of animal groups to concentrate integrative neural functions into a central nervous system.
centralization
Going toward. Thus, for example, an afferent blood vessel carries blood toward an organ of interest.
afferent
