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Physiology > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

what has the greatest effect on the flow of liquid through a tube?

A

Radius of the tube

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2
Q

In crustacean circulatory systems, deoxygenated blood from the tissues enters the heart via ?

A

ostia

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3
Q

In a mammal, blood pressure is lowest in the ___.

A

veins

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4
Q

The hearts of vertebrates are myogenic, meaning that

A

the impulse to contract originates within the muscle tissue.

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5
Q

The QRS complex arises from

A

ventricular depolarization.

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6
Q

Which vessels of the systemic vascular system have the highest total cross-sectional area?

A

Capillary beds

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7
Q

In _______, there is no separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the heart.

A

a teleost fish

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8
Q

Flow rate equals the difference in blood pressure between the entry of the vascular system and the exit vessels, divided by ____ _____.

A

vascular resistance

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9
Q

The chambers of the teleost fish heart are what?

A

the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus.

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10
Q

In the human heart, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the ____.

A

pulmonary veins

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11
Q

Among nonavian reptiles, crocodilians are unique because they have a ?

A

complete ventricular septum.

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12
Q

Mean blood pressure in the brain of a standing person _______ the blood pressure at the heart.

A

lower than

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13
Q

Cardiac output is directly proportional to

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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14
Q

In which of the following vessels is there a lack of pressure pulse?

a. Large arteries, terminal arteries, and arterioles
b. Terminal arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules
c. Capillaries, venules, and veins
d. Venules and veins
e. Veins only

A

C

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15
Q

In a fish that has an air-breathing organ, the blood leaving the ABO mixes with what??

A

w/ systemic venous blood.

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16
Q

Which of the following statements comparing the circulatory systems in mammals and birds is true?

a. Birds have far smaller hearts per gram.
b. Mammals have, on average, higher systolic blood pressures.
c. Birds have a smaller cross-sectional area of capillaries per gram.
d. Mammals have a higher pressure systemic circuit.
e. Birds and mammals have essentially identical circulatory systems.

A

E

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17
Q

When a mammal exercises, oxygen delivery is increased by ???

A
  • an increased blood flow.
  • the extraction of more O2 per unit volume of blood that circulates.
  • a lowering of resistance in the systemic vasculature.
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18
Q

Which of the following statements about squid is false?

a. Their systemic heart receives largely deoxygenated blood.
b. They have a systemic heart and two branchial hearts.
c. Their systemic heart is myogenic.
d. Blood enters the systemic heart from the gills.
e. Branchial hearts pump blood through the gills.

A

A

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19
Q

Which of the following statements about the insect circulatory system is true?

a. Insects have an open circulatory system and solely a diffusion-based system for delivering O2.
b. Insects have a closed circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2.
c. Insects have an open circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2.
d. Insects have an open circulatory system and a derived lung for delivering O2.
e. Insects have a closed circulatory system and solely a diffusion-based system for delivering O2.

A

C

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20
Q

Excessive protein in the blood plasma will _______ the loss of fluid through the capillaries.

A

decrease

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21
Q

what is a pressure driven mass flow of fluid that rapidly
transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes,
hormones, immune agents, heat and other commodities
throughout the body and that often provides a source
of hydraulic pressure for organ function.

A

circulatory system

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22
Q

A discrete, localized pumping structure, present in most animals with circulatory systems

A

Heart

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23
Q

Heart: Chambers surrounded by _____ (heart muscle) pump blood by alternating contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). Valves between chambers respond to _____.

A

myocardium, pressures

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24
Q

Blood flow through the heart is ____ ____ (mL/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)

A

cardiac output

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25
Q

Myocardium is supplied with O2 via _____ ____ if

myocardium is _____, or by luminal blood if it is ____.

A

coronary circulation, compact, spongy

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26
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_  may originate in pacemaker cells that are
muscle cells (myogenic) or neurons (neurogenic), and moves through the heart in a controlled manner by \_\_\_\_
A

Myocardial depolarization, conduction

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27
Q

Control of heart rate and stroke volume can be ___, _____, _____ (Frank-Starling relation matching stretch to output)

A

nervous, hormonal,intrinsic

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28
Q

_____ is compact. Arteries carry blood ___from heart, veins carry blood ____ the heart.

A

compact, away, towards

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29
Q

blood in the pulmonary artery is _____

A

deoxygenated

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30
Q

Blood flow through the heart and the positions of

valves are determined by ?

A

relative pressures in the chambers

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31
Q

Blood generally flows from high to low pressure, but also has momentum if it is moving.

A

momentum

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32
Q

The A-V(atrioventricular node) valve opens when atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure.

A

exceeds

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33
Q

The ____ valve opens when ventricular pressure

exceeds aortic pressure.

A

aortic

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34
Q

Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation are changes in
_____ ____ without changes in chamber volume,
and serve to build pressure in the ventricle.

A

myocardial tension

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35
Q

How does the heart muscle get its oxygen? who has both and what does octopus have ?

A

by coronary circulation (compact) or heart lumen (spongy myocardium)…. some fishes have both while octopus have coronary circulation.

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36
Q

Muscle cells of the heart must ____ and generate

_____ to contract and pump blood.

A

depolarize, AP

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37
Q

Depolarization originates from _____ cells that
can be either neurons or modified muscle cells, in
either ____ or ____ depolarization..

A

pacemaker, neurogenic, myogenic

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38
Q

Vertebrates have _____ depolarization, while
invertebrates often have _____ depolarization
(crustaceans and mollusks).

A

myogenic, neurogenic

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39
Q

Depolarization of the chambers must be coordinated
and controlled in order to ____ ____ effectively, and
occurs along specialized pathways, ___
systems, either neural or muscular.

A

pump blood, conducting

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40
Q 
Among vertebrates (e.g. humans) the \_\_\_ system
is specialized muscle cells.
A

conduction

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41
Q

The _____ is the pacemaker, with a fast endogenous rhythm that entrains the other muscle cells

A

SA node

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42
Q

The ___depolarize first, spreading excitation

to the A-V node

A

atria

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43
Q

the ____ has delayed excitation, allowing atria

to contract first.

A

A-V node

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44
Q

Depolarization spreads through the

myocardium by ?

A

electrical synpases.

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45
Q

Atria are already ____ when A-V depolarizes

A

repolarizing

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46
Q

Fiber bundles conduct ____ from ____ node to all

parts of ventricles rapidly.

A

depolarization, A-V

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47
Q

Crustaceans such as the lobster have _____

depolarization, in a cardiac ganglion of 9 cells.

A

neurogenic

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48
Q

One of neurons 6-9 acts as a ____ ___ and ____, and excites remaining neurons and muscle cells of the heart. Each muscle cell is ____.

A

cellular oscillator, CPG, innervated

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49
Q

Heart creates fluctuations in blood pressure, from ___

pressure (___ pressure) to ____ (____ pressure).

A

high,systolic, low,diastolic

50
Q

Pressure gradients, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy all determine the ____ and ____ of blood flow

A

velocity and direction

51
Q

Flow through a vessel is proportional to the difference in

pressure between the ends, and inversely proportional to the ____ _____

A

vascular resistance.

52
Q

Vascular resistance _____ with increasing vessel length and with decreasing vessel radius to the ____ power. Flow is highly sensitive to changes in vessel radius.

A

increases, fourth

53
Q

As blood moves through vessels, the ___ of blood

(resistance to flow) causes a loss of pressure as kinetic energy is converted to heat. Pumping blood is costly

A

viscosity

54
Q

Gravity effects blood pressure by _____ effects.

A

fluid-column

55
Q

Pressure of blood is ____ in proportion to the height of the blood in a column ____ it. This effect determines what?

A

increased, above,

how high a heart can pump blood.

56
Q

Flow rate = (Pin - Pout)(π/8)(1/η)(r4/l)
Flow rate is much more sensitive to changes in
vessel ___ than vessel ___

A

radius, length

57
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:

Closed circulatory system, with vascular _____ cells lining all blood vessels.

A

endothelial

58
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:
Systemic and pulmonary circuits are connected in ___.
Systemic circuit is ___ pressure, pulmonary is __ pressure.

A

series, high, low

59
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:
____ dampen and reserve pressure generated by heart, and transport blood long distances from the heart. They are equipped with elastic walls with ___ muscle.

A

Arteries, smooth

60
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:
Arterioles are tiny arteries that ____ blood flow, by ___ control, to microcirculatory beds with densely
distributed capillaries, where most gas exchange occurs.

A

control,vasomotor

61
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:

Velocity and pressure drop in beds, due to what? Velocity picks up again in ___.

A

large total cross sectional area, veins

62
Q

Circulation in Birds and Mammals:
Fluid is lost from systemic capillaries by _____, but
lower pressures prevent this in the pulmonary system

A

ultrafiltration

63
Q

In birds and mammals, the heart is completely divided and the systemic and pulmonary circulations are in ___ with one another.

A

series,

64
Q

Blood is delivered to cells in ?

A

microcirculatory beds

65
Q

The beds consist of ____, ___ and ___

Flow is controlled in ___. Gas exchange occurs mainly in ___

A

artierioles, capillaries, and venules.

arterioles, capillaries

66
Q

Microcirculatory beds have a huge collective _____
area, so blood velocity drops, _____ gas exchange at
the cells.

A

cross sectional, increasing

67
Q

Pressure fluctuations (i.e. pulse) are damped in the _____

A

aterioles

68
Q

Blood pressure drops in _____ and continues to

fall until blood reaches the ____.

A

terminal arteries, vein

69
Q

Skeletal muscles and valves in veins help return

blood to ___

A

heart

70
Q

One important consequence of a high pressure

circulatory system is ____

A

ultrafiltration

71
Q

Fluid is forced out the ____ into the _____.This would be disastrous in the ____.

A

capillaries, tissues, lungs

72
Q

Bird and mammal hearts have compact myocardia with coronary vessels providing ___.

A

oxygen

73
Q

The heart has four chambers, with separated left and right

sides that pump blood through two systems in series: the high-pressure _____ system and the low pressure _____ system

A

systemic, pulmonary

74
Q

Circulation in Fish

The heart has ___chambers in series.

A

four

75
Q

Circulation in Fish
The heart pumps blood through the ___ and then the systemic circulation in series in most fish, thus blood passes through ___ capillary beds before returning to the heart.

A

gills, two

76
Q

Circulation in Fish
T/F:When present, air breathing organs in fish are typically situated in parallel with the systemic circuit (unlike birds and mammals), and supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood (spongy myocardium).

A

t

77
Q

Circulation in Fish
___ are an adaptation for myocardial oxygenation (new
view - Farmer) rather than aquatic hypoxia (traditional view).

A

Lungs

78
Q

Circulation in Fish
____ can keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mostly separated and control how much blood goes to lungs, coordinating pulmonary blood flow with breathing bouts.

A

Lungfish

79
Q

The heart receives _____ blood

A

deoxygenated

80
Q

Air breathing organs (i.e. lungs) provide oxygen to ?

A

myocardium

81
Q

Fish heart must pump blood through two

____, ____ and ___

A

capillary beds, branchial, system

82
Q

Respiratory and systemic beds are in ____,

as in birds and mammals.

A

series

83
Q

Cephalopod molluscs and some annelids have ____

circulatory systems

A

closed

84
Q

Cephalapods have the same in series circulation of ____ and _____ structures as birds and mammals, and a heart for each (anatomically distinct hearts in cephalopods).

A

respiratory, systemic

85
Q

In open circulatory systems, such as those of crustaceans,

blood travels through ____, _____ and ____ which are spaces between cells that lack epithelial lining.

A

lacunae, lacunar networks, sinuses

86
Q

Blood vessels and capillaries are present in some parts of the body in some species with ___ circulatory systems

A

open

87
Q

In open systems, blood flow rate can be high, due to ______ compared to closed systems.

A

low resistance

88
Q

In some crustaceans with open circulation, ___ delivery is

comparable to that of fish of the same size.

A

o2

89
Q

___ circulation is similar to birds and mammals.

A

Cephalopod

90
Q

The left and right hearts or birds and mammals are analogous to ____ and _____ hearts

A

systemic, branchial

91
Q

In open systems, blood empties into ____ or ____ between cells.

A

lacunae, sinuses

92
Q

Insects meet their gas exchange demands with the air-filled _____ system, and hence have modest circulatory systems.

A

tracheal

93
Q

In many species, the ___ aorta is the only blood vessel, and it empties into the lacunae.

A

dorsal

94
Q

myogenic and neurgenic, spongy and

compact.

A

heart

95
Q

Circulation in vertebrates
• Mammals and birds
• Fishes
• Amphibians and Reptiles

A

in series, left and right sides
evolution of lungs, spongy myocardium
parallel circulation

96
Q

Circulation in invertebrates
• Closed circulatory systems
• Open circulatory systems

A

cephalopod molluscs

crustaceans and others

97
Q

Arteries carry blood __________ the heart, while veins carry blood __________ the heart.

A

away, towards

98
Q

T/F: A cephalopod, such as a squid, has an open circulatory system, like all invertebrates. if not why?

A

F, Cephalopods and some annelids have closed circulatory systems. Not all invertebrates have open systems.

99
Q

In humans oxygenated blood from the lungs flows directly where?

A

To the heart and enters the left Atrium

100
Q

The volume of blood pumped per unit of time is known as the

A

cardiac output

101
Q

In the ECG the QRS complex is produced by the

A

depolarization of the myocardium of the two ventricles

102
Q

The highest peak in the Electrocardiogram is produced during which phase?

A

R

103
Q

When blood flows through the blood vessel it can best be described as behaving how?

A

The blood flows in concentric layers known as laminae and is the greatest near the center of the vessels

104
Q

In fish which chamber of the heart is the source of the main blood propulsive force?

A

ventricle

105
Q

A fish living in an environment where ions are easily obtained from the water (hard water) will have a __________ density of chloride cells than a fish living in water where ions are more difficult to obtain (soft water).

A

lower

Fish will develop a greater density of chloride cells when ions are more difficult to obtain from their environment.

106
Q

Hyperosmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________, while hyposmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________. Isosmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________.

A

greater than 1… less than 1… equal to 1

107
Q

T/F: Inorganic ions are mostly used to regulate cell volume, instead of organic molecules.

A

F; Organic molecules regulate cell volume

108
Q

An organism which regulates its blood plasma while hyperosmotic to its environment as well as regulating when hyposmotic is called a

A

hyper-hyposmotic regulator

109
Q

T/F: Both mammals and amphibians can reclaim water that is stored in the bladder.

A

F; Amphibians can reclaim water from the bladder, but mammals can not. In mammals, once the solution has left the kidneys and traveled to the bladder, it is lost to the system.

110
Q

Evaporative water loss (EWL) is __________ for smaller land dwelling animals than larger ones. One way animals can reduce EWL is __________.

A

more of a concern…cooling exhaled air

111
Q

An organism which regulates its blood plasma while hyperosmotic to its environment, but conforms when hyposmotic is called a.

A

hyper-isosmotic regulator

112
Q

Most fish are __________ to a marine environment, while most invertebrates are __________ to a marine environment.

A

hyposmotic…isosmotic

113
Q

________________ refers to survival while dried as fully as possible by desiccation of air or “remaining alive without water”.

A

anhydrobiosis

114
Q

The heart of vertebrate regulates blood flow rate by changing ____(ml/beats) and ____(beats/min).

A

stroke volume and pumping rate

115
Q

The valves of the heart are controlled by?

A

pressure differences

116
Q

Arteries carry the ____ blood and veins carry ____

A

deoxygenated, oxygenated

117
Q

How does the heart muscle of mammals obtain oxygen?

A

coronary circulation( not true for all vertebrates)

118
Q

Heart pacemakers cells are often myocytes among vertes and neurons among invertebrate

A

myocytes, neruons

119
Q

Membrane depolarization spreads throughout the vertebrate heart via ?

A

gap junction(electrical synapses)

120
Q

Advantage of open circulatory system?

A

faster flow rate

121
Q

Which invertebrates have closed circulatory systems?

A

cephalopod and mollusc

122
Q

The systemic heart of cephalopods is functionally analogous to the ______ of birds and mammals.

A

left heart

Physiology (15 decks)

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