Chapter 7 Flashcards
Memory
The process by which information is encoded, stored, or retrieved.
Episodic Memory
A memory of a specific experienced event
Flashbulb Memory
Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events
Semantic Memory
A memory of general knowledge and information that can be recalled
Explicit Memory
A memory of specific information
Implicit Memory
A memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned
Encoding
The translation of information into a form that can be stored in memory
Storage
The maintenance of encoded information already known
Maintenance Rehearsal
The repetition of new information in a an attempt to keep from forgetting it
Elaborative Rehearsal
A memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and the information already known
Retrieval
The process of recalling information from memory storage
Context-dependent Memories
Information that is more easily retrieved in the context in which is was encoded and stored
State-dependent memories
Memories in which information is more easily retrieved when on is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned
Tip-of-the-tongue phenonmenon
The belief that a piece of information is stored in our memory although we cannot retrieve it easily.
Sensory memory
The immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
Iconic Memory
The sensory register that briefly hold mental images of visual stimuli
Eidetic memory
The maintenance of a very detailed visual memory over several months
Echoic memory
The sensory register in which traces of sounds are held and may be retrieved within several seconds
Short-term memory
Memory that holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten
Primacy Effect
The tendency to recall the initial item or items in a series. The tendency to form opinions of others based on first impressions
Recency Effect
The tendency to recall the last item in a series. The tendency for people to change their opinions of others based on recent information
Chunking
A mental process for organizing information into meaningful units or “chunks”
Interference
The process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there.
Long-term memory
The type or stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage
Schemas
An idea or mental framework that helps one organize and interpret information
Recognition
A memory process in which one identifies objects or events that have previously been encountered
Recall
Retrieval of learned information
Relearning
Learning material a second time, usually in less time that is was originally learned
Decay
Disintegration, in psychology, the fading away of memory
Infantilw Amnesia
The inability to remember events that occurred during one’s early years (before age of three)
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories because of brain trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
The failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
