Chapter 6

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

A feature in the environment that is detected by an organism or that leads to a change in behavior

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

An observable reaction to a stimulus

Question 3

Conditioning

Answer 3

A type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections, in which the response is conditional on the stimulus

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly repaired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response.

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, naturally occurring response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

In classical conditioning, an unlearned response

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

A previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response

Question 8

Conditioned Response

Answer 8

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 9

Taste Aversion

Answer 9

A type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

The tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

In classical conditioning, the abilities to distinguish the conditioned stimulus form other stimuli are similar

Question 14

Flooding

Answer 14

Based on the principles of classical conditioning, a fear-reduction technique the involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished

Question 15

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 15

A type of counter conditioning used to treat phobia in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with a gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Question 16

Counterconditioning

Answer 16

a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

a stimulus or even that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response

Question 19

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 19

Stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning

Question 20

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 20

Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association

Question 21

Positive Reinforcers

Answer 21

Encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented

Question 22

Negative Reinforcers

Answer 22

An unpleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of behavior when it is removed

Question 23

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 23

A timetable for when and how often reinforcement for a particular behavior occurs`

Question 24

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 24

The reinforcement of a desired response every time it occurs

Question 25

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 25

A type of conditioned learning, in which only some of the responses are reinforced

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

In operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Question 27

Latent Learning

Answer 27

Learning that occurs but remains hidden until there is a need to us it

Question 28

Observational learning

Answer 28

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others