Chapter 2 Flashcards
Construct
A concept or idea, which is assumed to be real but cannot be seen or measured directly
Hypothesis
A prediction or assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research
Replicated
To repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study
Survey
A research technique for acquiring data about the attitudes or behaviors of a group of people, usually by asking questions of a representative, random sample
Target Population
The total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn
Sample
A representative segment of a target population
Random Sample
A survey population, selected by chance, which fairly represents the general population
Stratified Sample
A sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population
Bias
A predisposition to a certain point of view
Volunteer Bias
The concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer
Case Study
An in-depth study of a single person or group to reveal some universal principle
Longitudinal Method
A type of research in which the same people are studies over a long time period
Cross-sectional Method
A method research that looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during the life span
Naturalistic Observation
The study of behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulation or control on the part of the observer
Laboratory Observation
The study of behavior in a controlled situation
Correlation
The relationship between variable
Positive Correlation
A relationship between variable in which one variable increases as the other variable also increases
Negative Correlation
An unpleasant stimulus between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
Experiment
A controlled scientific procedure to determine whether certain variables manipulated by the researcher have an effect on other variables
Variables
factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study
Independent Variables
The factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable
Dependent Variable
in an experiment, the factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Experimental Group
In the study, the participants who receive the treatment
Control Group
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment
Controlled Experiment
An experiment that uses both a control group and an experimental group to determine at which a person makes judgments based on conventional standards of right and wrong
Placebo
an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance
Single-blind study
A study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control group or the experimental group
Double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment of the placebo
Ehtics
rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior
Informed Consent
an agreement by an individual to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose of the study and the nature of the treatment
