Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

Any actions that other people can observe or measures

Question 3

Cognitive Activities

Answer 3

Private, unobservable mental processes: sensation, perception, thought, and problem solving.

Question 4

Psychological Constructs

Answer 4

Theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly

Question 5

Theory

Answer 5

Statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do

Question 6

Basic Research

Answer 6

Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake

Question 7

Introspection

Answer 7

An examination into one’s own thoughts and feelings

Question 8

Associationism

Answer 8

A learned connection between two ideas or events

Question 9

Structuralism

Answer 9

Founded by William Wundt, maintains that conscious experiences breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings

Question 10

Principle

Answer 10

A rule or law

Question 11

Functionalism

Answer 11

Founded by William James, emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes

Question 12

Behaviorism

Answer 12

Founded by James Watson, defines psychology at the scientific study of observable behavior

Question 13

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 13

Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into meaningful wholes

Question 14

Psychoanalysis

Answer 14

Founded by Sigmund Freud , emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

Question 15

Psychodynamic thinking

Answer 15

The theory that most of what fills an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes

Question 16

Biological perspective

Answer 16

Stresses the influence of biology on behavior

Question 17

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 17

Theory focusing on the evolution of behavior and mental processes

Question 18

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 18

Viewpoint that stresses that thought processes largely determine behavior

Question 19

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 19

Psychological view that assumes the existence of the self emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices

Question 20

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 20

Perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior

Question 21

Learning Perspective

Answer 21

Psychological point of view that emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior

Question 22

Social-Learning Theory

Answer 22

Theory that suggests that people have the ability to change their environments or create new ones

Question 23

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 23

In psychology, the perspective that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

Question 24

Ethnic Group

Answer 24

Group united by cultural heritage, race, language, or common history