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genetics > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 key properties of genetic material

A
  • information content (encode proteins and DNA)
  • faithful replication
  • infrequent mutations
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2
Q

when watson and crick collabed they found out

A
  • genes encode specific traits and proteins
  • genes are carried on chromosome
  • DNA is the genetic material
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3
Q

griffith experiment

A

experimented with mice, DNA is the transforming principle

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4
Q

avery, macleod, mccarty

A

more dead mice, but used enzymes to break down other things like lipids and polysachs to make SURE dna was that girl

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5
Q

hershey-chase

A

T2 phage injects bad DNA (not proteins as originally thought) into victim (e.coli) so it reproduces it.

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6
Q

4 nucleotides

A

A, T, G, C or in fancy words dAMP, dTMP, dGMP, dCMP

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7
Q

chagraffs rule

A

total pyrimidines = total purines

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8
Q

pyrimidine bases are

A

T and C

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9
Q

purine bases are

A

A and G

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10
Q

what is the visual difference between pyrimidines and purines

A

pyrimidine is single ring and purine is double ring

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11
Q

What are the nucleotide pairs

A

AT
GC

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12
Q

double helix structure

A

looks like spiral staircase, each strand is a nucleotide chain held together by sugar phosphate backbone

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13
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

bridge between 2 oxygens and 2 adjacent sugar residues
5’ to 3’

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14
Q

polarity

A

strands are assembled in a directional manner (5’ to 3’)

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15
Q

how many hydrogen bonds hold together A and T

A

2

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16
Q

how many hydrogen bonds hold together G and C

A

3

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17
Q

semiconservative

A

one old strand (template) and one new strand

18
Q

other options (conservative and dispersive)

A

conservative: olds together and news together
dispersive: chunks are swapped

19
Q

DNA strands bind where they are ______

A

isodense (have similar density)

20
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

synthesizes DNA (only in 5’ to 3’ direction)

21
Q

DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides to the ___ end of the existing strand

A

3’

22
Q

leading strand

A

synthesized continuously (end is 3’ so it can just go down the line)

23
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized discontinuously (end is 5’ so it has to do it in chunks using RNA primers)

24
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers so DNA polymerase III has somewhere to attach

25
Q

where are RNA primers?

A

along the lagging strand and at the beginning of the leading strand

26
Q

polymerase I

A

degrades RNA primer and fills gaps (okazaki fragments) with DNA

27
Q

what direction does polymerase I add nucleotides in

A

5’ to 3’ direction

28
Q

ligase

A

repairs the nick and seals the strand

29
Q

replisome

A

complex of proteins for DNA replication

30
Q

helicases

A

melt duplex (breaks hydrogen bonds to split the strand)

31
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

prevent reformation of duplex

32
Q

topoisomerase

A

relax supercoiling

33
Q

proofreading

A

polymerase I and III use 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity to excise mismatches base pairs

34
Q

origin of replication

A

fixed place where replication starts (common in e.coli, replication then branches out in both directions)

35
Q

replication bubble

A

chunk that is being replicated (where template is unwound and strands are apart)

36
Q

replication fork

A

where DNA is unwound

37
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive buffer at the end of DNA strand (100s of nonsense nucleotides so info isn’t lost)

38
Q

telomorase

A

ribonucleoprotein that puts telomeres

39
Q

elongation

A

extends the 3’ end with telomeres after each replication

40
Q

translocation

A

shifts telomere down

genetics (8 decks)

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