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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

pure lines

A

population all have identical full homozygous phenotype

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2
Q

P represents

A

parental generation, two strains that start experiment

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3
Q

F represents

A

first filial generation (first progeny from P)

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4
Q

F2 represents

A

second progeny generation from F1

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5
Q

Mendels First Law/Law of Equal Segregation

A

equal partitioning of gene pairs into gametes

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6
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg (first cell that develops into progeny)

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7
Q

homozygote

A

identical alleles

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8
Q

heterozygote

A

different alleles

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9
Q

genotypes

A

allele combinations

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10
Q

monohybrid cross

A

two heterozygotes (Y/y x Y/y)

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11
Q

mutation

A

rare chemical accident that causes changes to nucleotide sequence

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12
Q

exons

A

protein coding region of a gene

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13
Q

intron

A

non-coding region of gene between exons

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14
Q

null alleles

A

proteins encoded by them have no function, common for mutations

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15
Q

leaky mutation

A

reduce level of enzyme function

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16
Q

silent mutation

A

no functional impact

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17
Q

haplosufficient

A

one gene copy has enough function to produce phenotypes (RECESSIVE NULL MUTATIONS)

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18
Q

haploinsufficient

A

single allele can’t provide enough product for normal function (leads to DOMINANT NULL MUTATION)

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19
Q

test cross

A

crossing unknown with homozygous recessive (tester)

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20
Q

genome

A

organisms complete set of genetic material encoded with DNA/RNA

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21
Q

central dogma of biology

A

DNA –> RNA —> Protein

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22
Q

gene

A

physical unit/segment of DNA with transcribed region that takes up locus of chromosome

23
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of specific gene (Y or y)

24
Q

diploid

A

2 homologous chromosome sets (2n)

25
Q

coding capacity for our genome

A

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

26
Q

pure breeding

A

breeding same traits to ensure consistency

27
Q

somatic cell division

A

division of cells of main body to produce exact copies of parent cell (mitosis, in haploid or diploid)

28
Q

sex cell division

A

takes place in sex organs, meiocytes divide to produce eggs and sperm (meiosis)

29
Q

homologous chromosome

A

2 members of a pair

30
Q

haploid

A

somatic cells have n (one chromosome set)

31
Q

stages of eukaryote cell cycle

A

G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis

32
Q

trick of constancy

A

each chromosome replicates to two identical copies, which are pulled to opposite ends of cell and split during division

33
Q

how many divisions does meiosis have

A

2 nuclear divisions

34
Q

how many cells produced from meiosis?

A

4 genetically different gametes in diploids
2n –> n + n + n + n
1) split homologous pairs
2) split individual chromatids

35
Q

tetrad

A

group of haploids halving the chromosome number in meiosis because replication occurs once

36
Q

chromatids

A

duplicated coiled chromosomes that form daughter units

37
Q

centromere

A

chromosomal region where sister chromatids stay joined together, chromosomes are counted by centromere

38
Q

sexual union

A

two haploids unite to form transient diploid meiocyte, resulting in single meiosis

39
Q

how are homologous chromosomes paired?

A

based on similar size and types of genes in same location

40
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes duplicate (still 46 chromosomes, but 92 chomatids because you count by the centromere)

41
Q

crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes swap genes to be recombinant chromosomes, this leads to more genetic diversity

42
Q

MITOSIS: What happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense

43
Q

MITOSIS: What happens in Metaphase

A

chomosomes line up on equatorial plate

44
Q

MITOSIS: what happens in anaphase

A

spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

45
Q

MITOSIS results?

A

2 identical daughter cells, diploid ( 2 sets of chromosomes)

46
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in prophase 1

A

match up of homologous chromosomes, crossing over resulting in recombinant chromosomes

47
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosome pairs line up (stay together with kinetochore) on equatorial plate and spindle fibers attach

48
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in anaphase 1

A

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

49
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in telophase

A

first nuclear division

50
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense

51
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up on equatorial plate and spindle fibers attatch

52
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in anaphase 2

A

chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell (centromere splits)

53
Q

MEIOSIS: what happens in telophase 2

A

second nuclear division

54
Q

MEIOSIS RESULTS

A

4 non identical gametes
haploid (23 chromosomes)

genetics (8 decks)

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