chapter 2

Question 1

pure lines

Answer 1

population all have identical full homozygous phenotype

Question 2

P represents

Answer 2

parental generation, two strains that start experiment

Question 3

F represents

Answer 3

first filial generation (first progeny from P)

Question 4

F2 represents

Answer 4

second progeny generation from F1

Question 5

Mendels First Law/Law of Equal Segregation

Answer 5

equal partitioning of gene pairs into gametes

Question 6

zygote

Answer 6

fertilized egg (first cell that develops into progeny)

Question 7

homozygote

Answer 7

identical alleles

Question 8

heterozygote

Answer 8

different alleles

Question 9

genotypes

Answer 9

allele combinations

Question 10

monohybrid cross

Answer 10

two heterozygotes (Y/y x Y/y)

Question 11

mutation

Answer 11

rare chemical accident that causes changes to nucleotide sequence

Question 12

exons

Answer 12

protein coding region of a gene

Question 13

intron

Answer 13

non-coding region of gene between exons

Question 14

null alleles

Answer 14

proteins encoded by them have no function, common for mutations

Question 15

leaky mutation

Answer 15

reduce level of enzyme function

Question 16

silent mutation

Answer 16

no functional impact

Question 17

haplosufficient

Answer 17

one gene copy has enough function to produce phenotypes (RECESSIVE NULL MUTATIONS)

Question 18

haploinsufficient

Answer 18

single allele can’t provide enough product for normal function (leads to DOMINANT NULL MUTATION)

Question 19

test cross

Answer 19

crossing unknown with homozygous recessive (tester)

Question 20

genome

Answer 20

organisms complete set of genetic material encoded with DNA/RNA

Question 21

central dogma of biology

Answer 21

DNA –> RNA —> Protein

Question 22

gene

Answer 22

physical unit/segment of DNA with transcribed region that takes up locus of chromosome

Question 23

alleles

Answer 23

alternate forms of specific gene (Y or y)

Question 24

diploid

Answer 24

2 homologous chromosome sets (2n)

Question 25

coding capacity for our genome

Answer 25

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

Question 26

pure breeding

Answer 26

breeding same traits to ensure consistency

Question 27

somatic cell division

Answer 27

division of cells of main body to produce exact copies of parent cell (mitosis, in haploid or diploid)

Question 28

sex cell division

Answer 28

takes place in sex organs, meiocytes divide to produce eggs and sperm (meiosis)

Question 29

homologous chromosome

Answer 29

2 members of a pair

Question 30

haploid

Answer 30

somatic cells have n (one chromosome set)

Question 31

stages of eukaryote cell cycle

Answer 31

G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis

Question 32

trick of constancy

Answer 32

each chromosome replicates to two identical copies, which are pulled to opposite ends of cell and split during division

Question 33

how many divisions does meiosis have

Answer 33

2 nuclear divisions

Question 34

how many cells produced from meiosis?

Answer 34

4 genetically different gametes in diploids
2n –> n + n + n + n
1) split homologous pairs
2) split individual chromatids

Question 35

tetrad

Answer 35

group of haploids halving the chromosome number in meiosis because replication occurs once

Question 36

chromatids

Answer 36

duplicated coiled chromosomes that form daughter units

Question 37

centromere

Answer 37

chromosomal region where sister chromatids stay joined together, chromosomes are counted by centromere

Question 38

sexual union

Answer 38

two haploids unite to form transient diploid meiocyte, resulting in single meiosis

Question 39

how are homologous chromosomes paired?

Answer 39

based on similar size and types of genes in same location

Question 40

interphase

Answer 40

chromosomes duplicate (still 46 chromosomes, but 92 chomatids because you count by the centromere)

Question 41

crossing over

Answer 41

homologous chromosomes swap genes to be recombinant chromosomes, this leads to more genetic diversity

Question 42

MITOSIS: What happens in prophase

Answer 42

chromosomes condense

Question 43

MITOSIS: What happens in Metaphase

Answer 43

chomosomes line up on equatorial plate

Question 44

MITOSIS: what happens in anaphase

Answer 44

spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 45

MITOSIS results?

Answer 45

2 identical daughter cells, diploid ( 2 sets of chromosomes)

Question 46

MEIOSIS: what happens in prophase 1

Answer 46

match up of homologous chromosomes, crossing over resulting in recombinant chromosomes

Question 47

MEIOSIS: what happens in metaphase 1

Answer 47

homologous chromosome pairs line up (stay together with kinetochore) on equatorial plate and spindle fibers attach

Question 48

MEIOSIS: what happens in anaphase 1

Answer 48

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Question 49

MEIOSIS: what happens in telophase

Answer 49

first nuclear division

Question 50

MEIOSIS: what happens in prophase 2

Answer 50

chromosomes condense

Question 51

MEIOSIS: what happens in metaphase 2

Answer 51

chromosomes line up on equatorial plate and spindle fibers attatch

Question 52

MEIOSIS: what happens in anaphase 2

Answer 52

chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell (centromere splits)

Question 53

MEIOSIS: what happens in telophase 2

Answer 53

second nuclear division

Question 54

MEIOSIS RESULTS

Answer 54

4 non identical gametes
haploid (23 chromosomes)