chapter 12

Question 1

TATA box

Answer 1

binding site for TBP/TFIID, in promoter region

Question 2

promoter proximal elements

Answer 2

GG box and CCAAT box,
present upstream of most genes, binding site of the broadly expressed transcription factors

Question 3

cis acting DNA sequence elements

Answer 3

enhancers, proximal elements, and core promoter

Question 4

trans-acting proteins

Answer 4

transcription factors

Question 5

mutation on promoter proximal elements ____ transcription rate

Answer 5

decreases

Question 6

enhancers/silencers

Answer 6

lead to differences in gene expression, binding sites are very cell and condition specific

Question 7

Gal4 (what does it do)

Answer 7

regulates Gal, Gal2, Gal7, and Gal10 when they’re needed for glycolysis

Question 8

Gal4 activity is regulated by…

Answer 8

Gal80 and Gal3

Question 9

Gal4 binds to what and recruits what

Answer 9

binds to specific DNA sequence (UAS)
recruits transcriptional machinery

Question 10

enhancesome

Answer 10

synergistic complex formed by multiple transcription factors responsible for interaction between enhancer and promoter region

Question 11

epigenetic regulation mechanisms (2)

Answer 11

1. modification of chromatin structure
2. modification of DNA (methylation)

Question 12

how is eukaryotic genomic DNA packed

Answer 12

packaged into chromatin, the DNA wraps around histone to form nucleosome

Question 13

euchromatin

Answer 13

allows gene expression

Question 14

heterochromatin

Answer 14

silenced (super tightly packed)

Question 15

constitutive heterochromatin

Answer 15

always highly condensed (centromeres and telomeres), mostly repetitive sequences and few genes

Question 16

euchromatic heterochromatin

Answer 16

can change to heterochromatin (falculative heterochromatin)

Question 17

chromatin remodelling

Answer 17

can change nucleosome position to permit transcription
cis regulatory: elements inaccessible
exposed: elements accessible

Question 18

modification of histone tails…

Answer 18

affects chromatin structure

Question 19

modifications of amino acids…

Answer 19

affect histone-DNA interaction and nucleosome packaging, can attract activators or repressors

Question 20

acytelation of histone tails

Answer 20

promotes OPEN chromatin structure and transcription

Question 21

deacytelation of histone tails

Answer 21

promotes chromatin condensing and silencing

Question 22

regulation of B interferon

Answer 22

transcription factors, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling JOIN FORCES

Question 23

architecture proteins

Answer 23

bend DNA to facilitate interactions between transcription factors and enhancesome

Question 24

architecture protein steps

Answer 24

1. enhancesome binds with GCN5 which adds acytl
2. GCN5 recruits CBP (more acytl), swl-SNF (nudges nuc2) and RNA polymerase II
3. TBP (TATA binding protiens) bind to TATA and starts transcription

Question 25

methylation

Answer 25

maintains chromatin condensation

Question 26

mehtylation steps

Answer 26

1. usually on cytosine in a GC dinucleotide, they're hypermethylated 2. CpG islands: clusters of unmethylated CF 3. when CpG island near the promoter is methylated, gene expression is inhibited

Question 27

imprinting

Answer 27

allele inherited is inactive (always the same parent)

Question 28

maternal imprinting

Answer 28

maternal allele is inactive

Question 29

paternal imprinting

Answer 29

paternal allele is inactive

Question 30

DNA binding domain

Answer 30

essential for transcription factors activity (for Gal4, it's essential in activating the transcription pathway