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chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 advantages of using bacteria for genetics studies

A
  • repro fast + many progeny
  • haploid genome (all mutations expressed immediately)
  • spontantous mutations
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2
Q

haploid genome meaning

A

one copy of gene per cell, all mutations expressed immediately

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3
Q

prokaryotes have ____ chromosome transfer

A

partial

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4
Q

how is the haploid state restored

A

recombination

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5
Q

exchange of genetic material reveals _____

A

linkage

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6
Q

prototrophs

A

wild type bacteria that can grow on minimal media

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7
Q

auxotrophs

A

mutants that can’t grow unless media is supplemented with specific compounds

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8
Q

metabolic mutants

A

cannot utilize specific compounds (ex: lactose, galactose)

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9
Q

resistance mutants

A

can grow in presence of inhibitors (ex: antibiotics)

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10
Q

bacterial genome characteristics

A

haploid chromosomal DNA, repro by cell division (identical daughters)

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11
Q

plasmids

A

extra DNA elements, small circular DNA molecules

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12
Q

F factor

A

fertility factor, carries gene mating promoters between bacteria

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13
Q

R factor

A

resistance factor, carries genes with antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

col-plasmids

A

code for colicens (toxins for other bacteria)

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15
Q

virulence plasmids

A

enable bacteria to become pathogens (anthrax)

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16
Q

genes that ensure inheritance are…

A

F factor genes, genes w benefits (r factors, col plasmids, etc)

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17
Q

genes regulate _____ transfer to other cells

A

plasmid

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18
Q

sequences regulate ….

A

insertion into bacterial chromosome

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19
Q

3 methods that bacteria exchange genetic info

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

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20
Q

conjugation

A

cells touch, one directional contact that mediates transfer of chromosomal or plasmid DNA

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21
Q

transformation

A

bacterial cells pick up DNA from external environment

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22
Q

transduction

A

bacteriophage transfer DNA into bacterial cell

23
Q

F-factor in conjugation

A

F+ donor has circular F plasmid that contains origin of replication, genes for pili formation, and genes for DNA transfer

24
Q

plasmid replicates itself and…

A

inserts single strand copy into recipient

25
Q

when F+ donor transfers to F- recipient…

A

recipient is converted to F+ strain

26
Q

HFR cell

A

high frequency recombination, has the F+ plasmid in the bacterial chromosome

27
Q

exegenote

A

formed when integrated F drives linked chromosomal DNA into recipient

28
Q

endogenote

A

transferred DNA recombines with recipient chromosome (endogenote) and restores haploid state

29
Q

transfer begins at _________ and is directional

A

F insertion site

30
Q

longer conjugation transfers ___ to donor chromosome

A

more

31
Q

F factor enters _____ so F- rarely becomes ___

A

LAST, HFR

32
Q

the direction of transfer is the basis of…

A

recombination mapping

33
Q

The gene closest to the F integration site is transffered ____ and has _____ liklihood of recombination

A

first, higher

34
Q

distant genes have ______ likilihood of recombo

A

lower

35
Q

time transfer is ____ to distance

A

proportional

36
Q

plasmid transfer vs chromosome transfer

A

plasmid: the plasmid replicates and hops into the next one
chromosome: strand is replicated and integrates into other one’s chromosome “tainted my bloodline”

37
Q

recombo results from…

A

double chromosome cross over

38
Q

double reombinants

A

can occur, use the product rule to calculate

39
Q

F’ plasmid

A

when F sequences are removes from HFR impercisely so the chromosome loses genetic info

40
Q

transformation source

A

from same/diff species, lysed dead bacteria, or secretions from other bacteria

41
Q

competent

A

bacteria capable of transformation

42
Q

incoming DNA must ____ host

A

match

43
Q

bacteriophage

A

inject their DNA into bacterial cell and hijack cell machinary to replicate it’s own DNA

44
Q

Two types of transduction

A

generalized and specialized

45
Q

generalized transduction

A

any gene may be transferred, phage picks up pieces of bacterial chromosome by mistake and put them in another cell

46
Q

specialized transduction

A

only a few genes are transferred

47
Q

co transduced genes are…

A

closely linked

48
Q

the greater the frequency of co-transduction, the ________ the two genes are to each other

A

closer

49
Q

high frequency cotransfer indicates…

A

tighter linkage

50
Q

if no recombo, expect

A

only parental genotypes in progeny

51
Q

if recombo, expect

A

recombinants (like h+ r+ and h r)

52
Q

phage can recombine in mixed infections

A

an produced recombo
parental + recombo / total

53
Q

generalized transduction using phage can transfer ____ region of bacterial chromosome into recipient

A

any

54
Q

specialized transduction transfers ____ regions into recipient cells

A

specific

genetics (8 decks)

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