Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the major functional classifications of antibiotics? Which antibiotics belong to each classification?
Bactericidal: These antibiotics kill bacteria. Examples include Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Nitroimidazoles, and Fluoroquinolones.
Bacteriostatic: These inhibit bacterial growth. Examples include Macrolides and Tetracyclines
What are common adverse reactions to anti-infective treatments?
Bacterial resistance
Superinfection
GI tract distress (nausea, diarrhea)
Allergic reactions (rash, anaphylaxis)
Photosensitivity
Drug interactions (with oral contraceptives, anticoagulants)
What is the reasons that anti-infectives are important in dentistry?
- Treating acute infection
- Prophylactic treatments: infective endocarditis, immunocompromised patients, implant dentistry
- Periodontal therapy
- Postsurgical treatments
What is bacterial resistance and why does it happen?
Bacterial resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to survive antibiotic treatments, often due to misuse, underdosing, or incomplete antibiotic courses. This leads to mutations that allow bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics
What is superinfection and why does it happen?
occurs when antibiotics destroy normal, protective bacteria, allowing resistant bacteria or fungi to overgrow. It typically happens in areas like the gut or oral cavity
What are the stages of infection, types of bacteria present and prefered antibiotic treatment.
- Early- gram postive- penicillin or macrolide
- Middle- Gram pos, neg, anaerobic- penicilin or metronidazole
- Late- Gram neg, anaerobic - metronidazole
How are anti-infective medications important for dental practices?
Anti-infectives are used to treat acute orofacial infections, in prophylactic treatments for patients at risk of infective endocarditis, and to manage periodontal disease
How do penicillins work to destroy bacteria?
Penicillins are bactericidal and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through their β-lactam ring, leading to bacterial cell lysis. They are most effective against dividing bacteria
What are the pharmacokinetics for penicillins?
Absorption: Best absorbed in the small intestine without food.
Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the body.
Metabolism: liver.
Excretion: Excreted by the Renal- inactive metabolite and active drug.
What are the most common adverse reactions associated with penicillin treatment?
GI distress, pseudomembranous colitis, allergic reactions up to 10% patients (anaphylaxis, rash,orla lesions), and superinfections
Which penicillins are most commonly prescribed, and what is the spectrum of antimicrobial action for each?
Penicillin VK: Narrow-spectrum, used for orofacial infections.
Amoxicillin: Broad-spectrum, often used for prophylactic treatments, including dental prophylaxis.
Augmentin (B lactamse inhibitor): Broad-spectrum, combines amoxicillin with clavulanic acid to resist β-lactamase-producing bacteria
Zosyn (B lactamse inhibitor): Piperacillin + Tazobactam ( higher gi distress)
How do cephalosporins work to destroy bacteria?
Cephalosporins, like penicillins, inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis through their β-lactam ring, leading to cell death
What are the differences between generations of cephalosporin? Which cephalosporins are most commonly prescribed?
1st Generation: Narrow-spectrum (e.g., Cephalexin).
2nd Generation: Broader spectrum, often used for penicillin-resistant infections (e.g., Cefaclor).
3rd Generation: Broad-spectrum (e.g., Cefixime).
4th Generation: Given parenterally, very broad-spectrum
How do nitroimidazoles work to destroy bacteria?
Nitroimidazoles, like Metronidazole (Flagyl), work by breaking down bacterial DNA, leading to cell death
Hydrophilic- oral or IV renal excretion
What are the dental uses of nitroimidazoles?
Used to treat necrotizing gingivitis and periodontitis
