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Pharmacology for DH > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrite- That recieve signals
Soma (cell body)
Nucleus
Myelin Sheath
Axon- sends electrical impluses
Axon terminal button

Neurons communicate through synapses where neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on other neurons or effectors.

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2
Q

How are neurotransmitters released from and act on neurons?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft. Once released, they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron or effector, initiating a response. For example, acetylcholine (ACh) can bind to cholinergic receptors.

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3
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from **sympathetic preganglionic axons? **Postganglionic axons?

A

Neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), while postganglionic neurons primarily release norepinephrine (NE)

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic preganglionic axons? Postganglionic axons?

A

Both parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (AcH)

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5
Q

What happens in the body when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  • Stimualtes flow of saliva
  • Slows heartbeat
  • Constricts bronchi
  • Stimulates peristalsis(flow of food) and secretion
  • Stimulates release of bile
  • Contracts bladder
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6
Q

What happens in the body when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  • Dilates pupil
  • inhibits flow of saliva
  • Accelerates heartbeat
  • dilatea bronchi
  • inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • coversion of gylcogen to gluosee
  • secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Inhibits contraction
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7
Q

How are agonist and antagonist of the autonomic nervous system named?

A

Cholinergic drug (mimics or blocks acetycholine) and adrenergic drugs (mimic or blocks nonepinephrine and epinephrine.

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8
Q

What kind of cholinergic receptors are there? And where is each type located?

A

Muscarinic- (agonist) it contracts the smooth muscles within the bronchioles, increases SLUD and decreases heart rate.

Nicotinic- contraction of skeletal mucles

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9
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of parasympathomimetics?

A
  1. induce resting adn digesting responses
    * . constrict pupils
    * decrease heart rates
    * constricts bronchioles
    * increases GI activity
    * SLUD activities
  2. Can be used to treat
    * xerostomia
    * unirnary retention
    * glaucoma
    * myasthenia gravis
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10
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of parasympathomimetics?

A

It treats
* nicotinic receptor activity direct acting- nicotine addition
* primarily muscarinic receptor activity direct acting- urinary rention, low GI activity, glaucoma, xerostomia.
* primarily muscarinic receptor activity indirect acting- alzheimers, myasthenia gravis

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11
Q

What are the adverse reactions for parasympathomimetics?

A
  • Bradycardia
  • Pupil constriction
  • Bronchial constriction

Can occur at a normal consentration or regular dose

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12
Q

When shouldn’t a person take a parasympathomimetic?

A

Asthma
Peptic ulcers
Hyperthyroidism
GI or Urinary Obstruction

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13
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of anticholinergics?

A
  • They are an antagonist that blocks the parasympathetic responses
  • Anticholinergics block resting and digesting Responses
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14
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of anticholinergics?

A
  • Motion sickness
  • Hypersalivation
  • Unrinary incontinence
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
  • Skeletal muscle tension
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15
Q

Muscarinic receptors anatagonist have a varitey of uses what are they?

A

Atropine- cardiac arrhythmias COPD
Scopolamine- Motion sickness
Diphenydramine- allergies
Tolterodine-urinary incontience

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16
Q

Nicotinic receptor antagonist are used during surgeries to relax skeletal muscles what are they?

A

Atracurium
Pancuronium

17
Q

What are the adverse reactions of anticholinergics?

A
  • Xerostomia
  • Blurred vision
  • Urinary retention
  • GI retention or constipation
  • Increase respiration
18
Q

When shouldn’t a person take anticholinergics?

A

When they have Glaucoma
Cardiovascular disease
GI or urinary obstruction

19
Q

What drug interactions might cause a adverse reaction when a patient is using a anticholinergic drug?

A
  • Other Anticholinergic medications
  • Tricyclic Antidepressants
20
Q

What kinds of adrenergic receptors are there? Where is each type located?

A

α1 receptors: Located in smooth muscle, causing contraction in the pupil and genitourinary system and increased blood pressure.
α2 receptors: Located in the CNS, decreasing blood pressure, insulin secretion, lacrimation and neurotransmitter/NE secretion.
β1 receptors: Located in the heart, increasing heart rate and contractility.
β2 receptors: Located in Lungs, smooth muscle (lungs, blood vessels, heart, kidney), causing relaxation.
β3 receptors (increases blood glucose levels): Located in fat tissue, stimulating fat breakdow

21
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of sympathomimetics?

A
  • induces fight or flight,
22
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of sympathomimetics?:

A

Sympathomimetics treat conditions like asthma, nasal congestion, anaphylaxis, ADHD, and low cardiac output

Opens constricted vessels

23
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic agonists on the different adrenergic receptors?

A

All are direct acting:
α1 agonists: Increase blood pressure and treat nasal congestion.
α2 agonists: Decrease blood pressure and treat ADHD.
β agonists: Dilate bronchioles and treat asthma, treat low cardiac output.

Non-specific- anaphylaxis-epinephrine

24
Q

When shouldn’t a person take a sympathomimetic?:

A

angina pectoris, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and low gastric motility

24
Q

What are the adverse reactions of sympathomimetics?:

A

xerostomia, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, hypertension, and tremors

24
Q

what are the drug interactions for sympathomimetics?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants
Epinephrine in Local anesthetics
Other Adrenergic stimulants

25
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of adrenergic antagonists?:

A

Adrenergic antagonists prevent “fight or flight” responses, such as lowering blood pressure and reducing heart rate

26
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of adrenergic antagonists?:

A

used to treat hypertension, migraines, glaucoma, and prostate hypertrophy

27
Q

What are the adverse reactions of adrenergic antagonists?:

A

Adverse reactions include decreased systolic blood pressure, bradycardia, and dizziness

28
Q

When shouldn’t a person take adrenergic antagonists?

A

asthma and hypotension, other antihypertensive drug including diuretics

Pharmacology for DH (16 decks)

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