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Pharmacology for DH > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the line on the does curve represent?

A
  • relationship between amount of drug (x-axis) and response to the drug (y-axis)
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2
Q

What is the log phase ?

A

This is when the dose has minimal increase response

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3
Q

What is Proportional phase?

A

When the increase dose is equlal to the increase response

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4
Q

What is the saturation phase?

A

When the increase dose no longer causes increase response.

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5
Q

Where is the ED50 (effective doses) located?

A

On the x-axis

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6
Q

True/ False: The increase dose equals to increase side effects.

A

True

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7
Q

What is drug potency?

A

The amount of a drug needed to produce a desired effect.
This is on the x-axis

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8
Q

What is Drug efficacy (response)?

A

Whether a specific drug reaches a maximal effect when administered regardless of potency.

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8
Q

If the response of 3 drugs are at 50% but each does is different. Which one would be the most potent?

A

The drug with the lowest dose will be the most potent.
Increasing potency = decrease in ED50.

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9
Q

Calculating lethal does is only calculated on?

A

Animals

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10
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A
  • Helps determine the likelihood of toxicity before clinical trials
  • Can only be determined in animals
  • TI greater than 10 are required for clinical trials
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11
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Is how the drug afffects the body or how does the drug causes therapeutic effects.

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12
Q

Drugs bind to receptors on or in the cell but how?

A
  • Must have an appropriate receptor and appropriate cells in the body to respond to medication.
  • Receptor naturally occurs in the body
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13
Q

What type of effects we want to happen to the body when taking medications?

A

To help bring the body back to homeostasis

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14
Q

What does the plasma (cell) membrane regulates?

A

The entry of molecules into the cell

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15
Q

What type of layer is the plasma membrane?

A

It is a lipid bilayer

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16
Q

What are the different parts of the cell membrane?

A

extracellular fluid
green: protein
Top layer is hydrophobic
Middle: hydrophobic/lipophilic
Bottom- Hydrophilic
Cystoplasm

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17
Q

Hydrophilic drugs bind to ?

A

Cell-Surface receptors

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18
Q

What are the two types of channels within a cell?

A
  1. Fast channels: ligand-gated channel
  2. Voltage-gated channel
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19
Q

How does the fast channel open?

A
  • Open when signal molecule binds
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20
Q

How does voltage-gated channels open?

A

Opens when membrane potential changes.

21
Q

Drugs can be what?

A
  • Hydrophilic or lipophilic
22
Q

What determines a drug type and how it interacts?

A

chemical propertied of the drug determine how the drug interacts with the plasma membrane.

23
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A
  • water soluble
  • good for traveling through blood
  • bad for getting through membranes
24
Q

How does hydrophilic drugs binds to receptors?

A

It has to bind to receptors on the cell surface which causes a change to the receptor then in turn causes a change to what happen to the cell.

25
Q

What are the two types of messenger systems for hydrophilic drugs?

A
  • First messenger (drug) binds to the cell surface receptor
  • Second messenger is inside the cell and directly causes an intracellular response
26
Q

What is a lipophilic ?

A
  • fat soluble
  • bad at traveling through the blood
  • good at getting through membrane because it binds to receptors into cytoplasm.
27
Q

What occurs because lipophic drugs bind to cytoplasmic receptors?

A
  • drug/receptor complex moves into the nucleus and binds to DNA which causes a chane in gene expression/ changes in transcription.
28
Q

What are agonist and antagonist act on cellular receptors.

A
  • Agonists induces a cellular response (causes something to occur within the cell): Full agonist= 100% response, Partial= 50%
  • Antagonists blocks a cellular response
29
Q

What are the different types of antagonists?

A
  • Competive: binds to the same site as the agonist and prevents the agonist from binding
  • Noncompetive: binds to receptor outside of agonist binding sites and reduces agonist activity through other mechanisms
30
Q

What are ligands?

A

They are molecules that binds to a receptor and activates it.

31
Q

What are natural ligands?

A

Normal molecule that binds to a receptor and equals a 100%/. full response.

32
Q

What are artifical ligands

A

A medication that binds to the receptor

33
Q

Which two substances works the same?

A

Natural ligands and full agonist?

34
Q

True/ False: All agonist are ligand?

A

True

35
Q

What is impotant to its mechanism of action?

A

The chemical structure of drugs

36
Q

Drugs act through what in the body?

A

Receptors

37
Q

Hydrophilic drugs uses?

A

cell-surface receptors

38
Q

Lipophilic drugs uses ?

A

cytoplasmic receptors

39
Q

What is the does drugs affect?

A

homeostasis

40
Q

What is pharmcokinetics?

A
  • How the body affects the drugs through
    1. ADME
    2. Absorption
    3. Distribution
    4. Metabolism
    5. Excretion
41
Q

Molecules with ionic bonds form?

A

Hydrophilic drugs (SALTS)

42
Q

Chemical bonds in a molecule determine what?

A

whether a drug is Hydrophilic or lipophilic

43
Q

Which bonds can change molecules that interact with water and are hydrophilic?

A

Ionic bonds: electrons transfered from one atom to another. (forms oppositely charged ions)
Polar covalent bonds: electrons shared unequally. ( partically changed atoms on either side of the bond.

44
Q

Which bond is lipophilic?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds- electrons shared equally between two atoms

45
Q

What is diffusion ?

A

Is the movement of a molecule across the plasma membrane down its concentration gradient.

46
Q

What is the movement of diffusion?

A

movement from high concentration to low concentration.
NO ENERGY REQUIRED

47
Q

What is simple/ positve diffusion?

A

llipophilic drugs that crosses membrane

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion is?

A

hydrophilic drugs crossing the membrane, while using the protein as transport (carrier or channel).

49
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a molecule or ION across the plasma membrane up its concentration gradient

50
Q

What is ionized drug?

A

electrically charged at a particular pH.
has hydrophilic properties and bad at crossing membranes

51
Q

What are non-ionized drugs?

A

electrically neutral at a particular pH.
has good crossing membranes

Pharmacology for DH (16 decks)

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