Chapter 3

Question 1

What is an adverse drug reaction?

Answer 1

unwanted drug reaction

Question 2

T/F All drugs create both a therapeutic effect and side effects at normal therapeutic doses.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Which two drug classes causes more ADR than others?

Answer 3

• Anesthetics sedatives
• Antibiotics antifungals

Question 4

Who do you report adverse drug reaction and reporting to?

Answer 4

Health proffesionals and consumers reports ADRS to the FDA after the drug is commercially avaible.

Question 5

What are the categories of adverse drug reactions?

Answer 5

Adverse/side effects
Toxic reactions
Allergic reactions
Idiosyncratic reactions

Question 6

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

what medication does to the body
which receptors it binds to
where receptors are located
what it does when it binds to receptor (agonist/antagonist)

Question 7

What does pharmacodynamics affects?

Answer 7

Both therapeutic and adverse effects
side effects and toxic reactions

Question 8

What are side effects

Answer 8

predictable
dose-related
acts on non target organs

Question 9

what are Toxic reaction?

Answer 9

• predictable
• dose-related
• acts on target organs
• extensions of pharmacologic effecrs

Question 10

What are allergic reactions?

Answer 10

not predictable

Question 11

What factors increases the likelihood of a patient experiencing side effects?

Answer 11

More common at higher dose
more common when exretion pathweays are compromised

Question 12

What factors increases the likelihood of a patient experiencing side effects?

Answer 12

Pharmacologicial effects target organ are experienced to an exten that causes damage.

Often due to sensitivity of the patient to the drug
( when excretion pathways are compromised or individual genetic predispotion)

Question 13

What is pharmacogenomnics?

Answer 13

Looking at the medication and how it affects DNA.

Question 14

what is an allergic reaction and which type is the most serious?

Answer 14

• Hypersensitivity to a drug
• immune system responds to the drug as if it were a dangerous antigen
• can cause rashes anaphylaxis or other effects

Question 15

What are idosyncracies?

Answer 15

• genetic variations in the way people metabolize drugs
• can be associated with different ethnic groups

Question 16

Are there any ways to determine if a patient is likely to have an idosybcratic reaction to a drug?

Answer 16

Sometimes no way to determien whether it will occur

Question 17

What are mutagenic effects?

Answer 17

Dammage DNA
May cause disorders within the patient (cancer)
Potentially heritable ( affects gametes)

Question 18

What are teratogenic effects?

Answer 18

• Harmful effort of the drug on a fetus
• Drug exposure to the fetus, effects vary due to the point in development that expousre happened.

Question 19

How are drugs categorized based on their potential for teratigenicity?

Answer 19

A B C D X

Question 20

Under what circumstance would a patient be likely to have a drug interaction?
How can you avoid most drug interactions?

Answer 20

patients who are on many medications
Patients who are not sure about their medication names
patients who are not honest about the medications that they are taking.

• Knowing the potential drug interations can helo avoid some dental emergency.

Question 22

Why do drugs interact with one another? What type of effects can they have on each others action?

Answer 22

due to pharmokinetic alterations
Drugs- ADME interactions
Disease - pharmacodynamics
Foods- ADME interactions

Question 23

What are some common drug disease interactions?

Answer 23

Liver disease
Renal disease
Cardiac disease
Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

Question 24

When two drugs interact through a metabolic pathway, what types of interactions can they have?

Answer 24

Substrate drug binds to the metabolic enzyme

Question 25

What are the enzymatic activity?

Answer 25

• inhibitor drug **prevents **metabolic enzyme activity.
• Keeps enzyme from metabolizing substrate
• Higher blood plasma levels
• inducers drug **enhance ** metabolic enzyme activity
• enzyme metabolizes substrate faster than normal
• Lower bloood plasma levels

Question 26

Another possibility is a second substrate drug can complete with first for enzyme binding which causes?

Answer 26

• Decreased metabolism of the drug that does not get to bind.
• Higher plasma levels of the drug.

Question 27

How might a persons genes determine rate of metabolism affect a drugs action in the body?

Answer 27

• Rapid metabolizers will clear drug more quickly than expected (enzyme surplus)
• Slow metabolizers will clear drug more slowly than expected. (enzyme deficiency)