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Pharmacology for DH > Chapter 4 Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What drugs are parasympathomimetics?

A

Nicotine (Commit®, Nicoderm CQ®)
Bethanechol (Urecholine®
Pilocarpine (Salagen®)
Rivastigmine (Exelon®)
Donepezil (Aricept®)
Neostigmine

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2
Q

What drugs are anticholinergics?

A

Atropine
Scopolamine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
Tolterodine (Detrol®)
Atracurium
Pancuronium

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3
Q

What drugs are Sympathomimetics?

A

Phenylephrine (Sudafed-PE®)
Clonidine (Catapres®)
Albuterol (Ventolin®, Proventil®)
Terbutaline (Brethine®)
Dobutamine
Epinephrine
Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine (Adderall®)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin®)
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®)

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4
Q

What drugs are adrenergic anatagonist?

A

Prazosin (Minipress®)
Doxazosin (Cardura®)
Tamulosin (Flomax®)
Labetalol (Trandate®)
Propranolol (Inderal®)
Metoprolol (Lopressor®, Toprol-XL®)
Atenolol (Tenormin®)

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5
Q

What is the brand name for nicotine?

A

Commit
Nicoderm

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6
Q

What are nicotine drug used to treat?

A

nictoine addiction, typically smoking cessation

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action for nicotine?

A

Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stimulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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8
Q

What is the brand name for bethanechol?

A

Urecholine

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9
Q

What is the primary use for bethanechol?

A

Asthma
Peptic ulcers
Hyperthyroidism
GI or Urinary obstruction

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10
Q

What is the brand name for pilocarpine?

A

salagen

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11
Q

What is pilocarpine used for ?

A

xerostomia and glaucoma

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12
Q

What is the receptor type for pilocarpine?

A

Primarily acts on muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

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13
Q

What is the brand name for rivastigmine?

A

exelon

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14
Q

What is rivastigmine used for?

A

To treat alzheimers disease by enhancing cholingeric transmission.

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15
Q

What is rivastigimine mechanism ?

A

it inhibits acetylcholinesterase which increases acetycholine concentration

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16
Q

What is neostigmine used for?

A

Myasthenia gravis, to improve muscle strength.

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17
Q

What is neostigmine mechanism?

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, allowing for increased acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, enhancing muscle contraction.

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18
Q

What is the donepezil brand name?

A

Aricept

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19
Q

What is donepezil used to treat?

A

Alzheimer’s disease by improving memory and cognition.

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20
Q

WHat is the mechanism of action for donepezil?

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thus increasing acetylcholine concentration

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21
Q

What is the generic name for Atropine?

A

Anticholinergics

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22
Q

What is the brand name for scopolamine?

A

scopolamine

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23
Q

What is the generic name for Benadryl®?

A

diphenhydramine

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24
Q

What is the brand name for tolterodine?

A

detrol

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25
Q

What is the generic name for Atracurium?

A

Atracurium

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26
Q

What is the brand name for pancuronium?

A

Pancuronium

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27
Q

What are the main uses of atropine in medicine?

A

To increase heart rate during bradycardia and reduce salivation during surgery.

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28
Q

How does atropine affect heart rate and the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, reducing parasympathetic activity (increases heart rate).

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29
Q

What condition is scopolamine primarily used to treat?

A

Motion sickness.

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30
Q

What are the side effects of scopolamine use?

A

Dry mouth, blurred vision, and drowsiness.

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31
Q

What is diphenhydramine commonly used to treat?

A

Allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia.

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32
Q

How does diphenhydramine act as an anticholinergic drug?

A

Acts as an H1-antihistamine with anticholinergic effects, leading to drowsiness and dry mouth.

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33
Q

What is tolterodine primarily used for?

A

To treat overactive bladder by reducing urinary frequency.

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34
Q

How does tolterodine reduce symptoms of overactive bladder?

A

Blocks muscarinic receptors in the bladder, reducing bladder muscle contractions.

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35
Q

How is atracurium used in surgery?

A

As a muscle relaxant during anesthesia.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atracurium as a muscle relaxant?

A

Blocks nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing skeletal muscle relaxation.

37
Q

In what situations is pancuronium used?

A

Surgical procedures for muscle relaxation.

38
Q

How does pancuronium affect skeletal muscles during surgery?

A

Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that inhibits acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

39
Q

What is the generic name for Sudafed-PE®?

A

Phenylephrine

40
Q

What is the brand name for clonidine?

A

Catapres

41
Q

What is the generic name for Ventolin® and Proventil®?

A

Albuterol

42
Q

What is the brand name for terbutaline?

A

brethine

43
Q

What is the generic name for Dobutamine?

A

dobutamine

44
Q

What is the brand name for epinephrine?

A

epinephrine

45
Q

What is the generic name for Adderall®?

A

dextroamphetamine/amphetamine

46
Q

What is the brand name for methylphenidate?

A

ritalin

47
Q

What is the generic name for Sudafed®?

A

sudafed

48
Q

What condition is phenylephrine commonly used to treat?

A

Nasal congestion.

49
Q

How does phenylephrine increase blood pressure?

A

Acts on α1-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction and reducing nasal congestion

50
Q

What is the primary therapeutic use of clonidine?

A

To treat high blood pressure and ADHD.

51
Q

How does clonidine affect blood pressure?

A

Acts on α2-adrenergic receptors in the brain, reducing sympathetic outflow and lowering blood pressure.

52
Q

What condition is albuterol used to treat?

A

Asthma by causing bronchodilation.

53
Q

How does albuterol cause bronchodilation in asthma patients?

A

Stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors, leading to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles.

54
Q

What is terbutaline used to treat?

A

Asthma and bronchospasms.

55
Q

How does terbutaline act on β2-adrenergic receptors?

A

Acts on β2-adrenergic receptors to relax bronchial smooth muscle.

56
Q

In what condition is dobutamine most commonly used?

A

Heart failure to increase cardiac output.

57
Q

What are the emergency uses of epinephrine?

A

Anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest.

57
Q

How does dobutamine increase cardiac output?

A

Stimulates β1-adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate and contractility.

57
Q

How does epinephrine impact both α and β adrenergic receptors?

A

Acts on both α and β receptors, causing vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate

58
Q

What is the primary therapeutic use of Adderall?

A

ADHD and narcolepsy.

58
Q

What condition is methylphenidate commonly prescribed for?

A

ADHD.

59
Q

How does dextroamphetamine/amphetamine affect the central nervous system?

A

Increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, enhancing focus and reducing impulsivity.

60
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate in treating ADHD?

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, improving attention and focus.

61
Q

How does pseudoephedrine alleviate nasal congestion?

A

Nasal congestion.

62
Q

What are the common side effects of pseudoephedrine?

A

Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction in nasal passages.

63
Q

What condition is prazosin used to treat?

A

Hypertension.

64
Q

How does prazosin lower blood pressure by acting on α1-receptors?

A

Blocks α1-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

65
Q

What is the therapeutic use of doxazosin?

A

Hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

66
Q

How does doxazosin impact the genitourinary system?

A

Blocks α1-receptors, relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessels and the prostate.

67
Q

What is tamulosin used to treat in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

68
Q

How does tamulosin relieve symptoms of BPH?

A

Blocks α1-adrenergic receptors in the prostate, improving urine flow.

69
Q

What is the dual action of labetalol on α and β receptors?

A

Blocks both α and β receptors to lower blood pressure.

70
Q

How is labetalol used in treating hypertension?

A

Hypertension, especially in hypertensive emergencies.

71
Q

What conditions are commonly treated with propranolol?

A

Hypertension, arrhythmias, migraines, and anxiety.

72
Q

How does propranolol reduce heart rate by blocking β1 and β2 receptors?

A

Non-selectively blocks β1 and β2 receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

73
Q

How is metoprolol used in treating cardiac conditions?

A

Hypertension, angina, and heart failure.

74
Q

How does metoprolol selectively block β1 receptors?

A

Selectively blocks β1 receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.

75
Q

What is the primary use of atenolol?

A

o treat hypertension and angina.

76
Q

How does atenolol differ from non-selective β-blockers like propranolol?

A

Selectively blocks β1 receptors, lowering heart rate and blood pressure without affecting β2 receptors

77
Q

What is the generic name for Minipress®?

A

prazosin

78
Q

What is the brand name for doxazosin?

A

cardura

79
Q

What is the generic name for Inderal®?

A

propranolol

80
Q

What is the generic name for Flomax®?

A

tamulosin

80
Q

What is the brand name for labetalol?

A

trandate

81
Q

What is the brand name for metoprolol?

A

lopressor toprol-xl

82
Q

What is the generic name for Tenormin®?

A

Atenolol

Pharmacology for DH (16 decks)

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