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Biol 251 Lecture > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial associations

A

Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic

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2
Q

What is symbiotic?

A

Organisms live in close nutritional relationships and are required by one or other members

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3
Q

Types of symbiotic relationships

A

Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

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4
Q

What is mutualism

A

Both members are benefiting, obligatory relationship

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5
Q

What is commensalism

A

Only one member is benefitting other member is unharmed

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6
Q

What is parasitism

A

One member is dependent and benefits, the other member is harmed and don’t benefit

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7
Q

What is non symbiotic

A

Organisms are free living and relationships not required for survival

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8
Q

What are the two nonsymbiotic relationships?

A

Synotrophy and antagonisms

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9
Q

What is synotroph

A

Communal feeding between organisms in a shared habitat

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10
Q

What is antagonism

A

Action of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community, competitions

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11
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Happens when organism attach to a substrate by some forming an extra cellular matrix that binds them together in a complex organized layers

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12
Q

What is the structure of most natural environment on earth

A

Biofilms

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13
Q

What is quorum sensing

A

Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms

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14
Q

What are the biofilm and quorum sensing orders

A
  1. Reversible attachment
  2. Irreverable attachment ( quorum sensing)
  3. Microcolony
  4. Mature biofilm
  5. Dispersal
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15
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

Symbiotic bacteria, fungi and protozoan helpful and in the human body

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16
Q

What are the two type of nutricional requirement sources?

A

Carbón and light

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17
Q

What are the types of carbon sources

A

Heterotroph and autotroph

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18
Q

What does heterotroph do?

A

Obtain carbon form organic molecules

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19
Q

Is heterotroph organic or inorganic

A

Organic

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20
Q

Examples of organic molecules

A

Proteins carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

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21
Q

What is an autotroph

A

Obtains carbon from inorganic molecules, notnutritionally dependent on other living things

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22
Q

Examples of inorganic molecules

A

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Is autotroph organic or inorganic

A

Inorganic

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24
Q

What are the types of energy sources

A

Chemotroph and phototroph

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25
Q

What is chemotroph

A

Gains energy from chemical compounds

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26
Q

What is chemo-organotroph

A

Obtain energy from organic chemical compounds

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27
Q

What is chemo- lithotrophic

A

Obtains energy from inorganic chemical compounds

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28
Q

What are phototrophs

A

A source of energy through photosynthesis which means light

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29
Q

Types of chemo-heterotrophs

A

Saprobes and parasites

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30
Q

Types of chemoheterotrophs respiration

A

Aerobic respiration or fermentation

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31
Q

What are saprobes

A

Free-living microorganism that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

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32
Q

What are parasites

A

Derive nutrients from a host

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33
Q

What types of parasites are there

A

Pathogens, some being obligate parasites

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34
Q

if an organism is degrading large organic molecules to get both carbon and energy, it would be best described as a
A. Photoheterotroph
B. Photoautotroph
C. Chemoheterotroph
D. Chemoautotroph

A

C. Chemoheterotroph

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35
Q

Passive transport

A

Doesn’t require energy, things move from high to low concentration.

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36
Q

What are the types of passive diffusion

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

37
Q

What does diffusion do?

A

High to low concentrations of

38
Q

What does osmosis do?

A

Diffusion of water

39
Q

What does facilitated diffusion do?

A

Requires a carrier

40
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy and carrier proteins

41
Q

What is isotonic solution

A
  • Solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
42
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

-Solute concentration is less than inside the cell
- Cell gains water Plasmolysis

43
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A
  • High concentration of solute in the cell than outside
  • Osmolysis
44
Q

Group Translocation

A

requires a transporter protein and PEP

45
Q

Cell A has 60% glucose and is placed in a solution (water) with 15% glucose and the cell membrane is not permeable to the solutes
Based on this information, answer the following questions:
1. What type of transport will occur?
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport

A

A. osmosis

46
Q

cell A has 60% glucose and is placed in a solution (water) with 15% glucose and the cell membrane is not permeable to the solutes
Based on this information, answer the following questions:
2. Which way will water move?
A. Into the cell
B. Out of the cell
C. Neither into or out of the cell

A

a. into the cell

47
Q

Cell A has 60% glucose and is placed in a solution (water) with 15% glucose and the cell membrane is not permeable to the solutes
Based on this information, answer the following questions:
3. The solution is ___ to the cell.
A. Hypertonic
B. Hypotonic
C. Isotonic

A

B. Hypotonic

48
Q

Cell A has 20% glucose and cell B has 30% glucose and the protein carrier in the cell membrane is pumping (using ATP) solute across.
Based on this background answer the following questions:
1. What type of transport is this?
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport

A

D. active transport

49
Q

Cell A has 20% glucose and cell B has 30% glucose and the protein carrier in the cell membrane is pumping (using ATP) solute across.
Based on this background answer the following questions:
2. Which way is the solute moving?
A. From Cell A to B
B. From Cell B to A
C. No movement

A

A. from A to B

50
Q

Cell A has 20% glucose and cell B has 30% glucose and the protein carrier in the cell membrane is pumping (using ATP) solute across.
Based on this background answer the following questions:
3. Cell B is ____ to cell
A. Hypertonic
B. Hypotonic
C. Isotonic

A

A. hypertonic

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Brining substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome, requires energy

52
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

53
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

ingest substances or cells

54
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Ingest liquids

55
Q

If a cell is in a highly concentrated glucose solution and the glucose is moving into the cell through a carrier protein, this would be an example of
A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Endocytosis
E. Pinocytosis

A

B. facilitated diffusion

56
Q

Niche

A

Totality of adaptions organism make to their habitat

57
Q

Do environmental factors affect the function of metabolic enzymes?

A

Yes

58
Q

What are the factors that effect the function of metabolic enzymes?

A

temp, oxygen requirements, pH, osmotic pressure, barometric pressure

59
Q

The 3 cardinal temp

A

Minimum, maximum and optimum

60
Q

Minimum temp

A

Lowest temp that permits a microbes growth and metabolism

61
Q

Maximum temp

A

Highest temp that permits a microbs growth and metabolism

62
Q

optimum temp

A

promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

63
Q

Temp adaptation groups

A

psychrophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles

64
Q

Psycrophiles

A

optimum temperature below 15° C; capable of growth at 0° C

65
Q

mesophiles

A

optimum temperature 20°-40°C; most human pathogens

66
Q

Thermophiles

A

optimum temperature greater than 45°C

67
Q

What happens if a microb is unable to neutralize toxic products?

A

Is has to live in oxygen free habits

68
Q

Categories of oxygen requirement (4)

A

Anaerobes
- Oblogate anarobe
- Aerotolerant anarobe

Temp
- Psycophiles
- thermophiles
- Mesophiles

3 carnial
- Max
-Min
- opt

Aerobe
- Facultative anaedinrobe
- microaerophilic
- Obligate aerobe

69
Q

Aerobe

A

utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

70
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Cannot grow without oxygen

71
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence

72
Q

anaerobe

A

does not utilize oxygen

72
Q

Micoaerophilic

A

requires only a small amount of oxygen

73
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

lacks the enzyme to detoxify oxygen so they cannot survive in an oxygen environment

74
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

75
Q

Do all microbes renew some carbon dioxide in their metabolism

A

no

76
Q

Capnophile

A

grows best at higher co2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere

77
Q

at what pH do the majority of microorganisms grow at

A

6 and 8

78
Q

Neutrophiles

A

grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH

79
Q

Acidophiles

A

grow at extreme acid pH

80
Q

Alkalinophiles

A

grow at extreme alkaline pH

81
Q

At what osmotic pressure do most microbes exist under?

A

Hypotonic or isotonic

82
Q

Halophiles

A

requires a high concentration of salt

83
Q

osmotolerant

A

Do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerate it when it occurs

84
Q

Barohiles

A

Can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

85
Q

Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers and it’s photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red crust. This organism would be best described as a
A. Psychrophile
B. Alkalinophile
C. Microaerophile
D. Osmotolerant
E. Barophile

A

A. Psychophile

86
Q

Doubling time/generation

A

Time required for a complete fission cycle

87
Q

Population growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase ( low number of cells, its flat)
  2. Exponential growth phase ( Maximum period of growth, more cells growing than dying)
  3. Stationary phase ( Flat-line, rate of growth = Rate of death)
  4. Death phase ( More death than growth, limiting factors intensify)
88
Q

Ecoli has a doubling time of 30 minutes. If there are 6 cells at the beginning of the experiment, how many will there be in 5 hours?

A

?

Biol 251 Lecture (12 decks)

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