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Biol 251 Lecture > ch.6 > Flashcards

ch.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in 1898

A

Friedrich and Paul found filtrate from infectious fluid

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2
Q

What happened in the 1950

A

Electron microscope

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3
Q

Viruses

A

small, <0.2, noncellular, definite shape, size, chemical composition

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4
Q

Is there a universal agreement on how and when viruses originated form

A

No

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5
Q

What is the most abundant microbe on earth

A

Virus

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6
Q

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites but

A

NOT living organisms

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7
Q

Viruses like living organisms

A

Have DNA or RNA, Internal order

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8
Q

Only in viruses

A
  • Are not organized as cells ( genetic material and protien)
  • Not reproduce on thier own
    -Lack homeostasis, regulation, growth/development and energy processing
    ALL REQUIRE A HOST CELL
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9
Q

Are viruses alive by biological defintions

A

NO

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10
Q

Do viruses resemble to cells

A

NO, they lack protien-synthesizing machinery

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11
Q

What do viruses contain

A

ONLY parts needed to invade and control a host cell

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12
Q

What is a capside

A

Protein coat enclose and protect thier NA

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13
Q

What is a nucleocapsid

A

Capsid together with NA

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14
Q

What is an envelope

A

External covering made from the phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

What is naked

A

Viruse lacking an envelope

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16
Q

What are the two general sturcures on a viruse

A

helical and icosahedral

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17
Q

What is a helical

A

capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid

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18
Q

What is a icosahedral

A

20 sided with12 corners

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19
Q

What is a viral envelope

A

Mostly anmial viruses, acquired when virus leave the host cell,

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20
Q

What are spikes

A

Exposed protiens on the outside of the envelope and are essential for attachment of virus to the host cell

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21
Q

What are some functions of capsid/envelope

A
  • protect nucleic acid when virus is outside of host cell
  • Virus bind to cell surface and assists penetration of viral DNA or RNA into suitable host cell
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22
Q

What is a complex virus

A

Atypical

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23
Q

What is poxviruses

A

Lack capsid and covered by dense layer of lipoprotiens

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24
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Polyhedral nucleocapsid along with helical tail and attachment fibers

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25
Q

What is a viral genome

A

Either DNA or RNA but NEVER both

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26
Q

Carries gene necessary to invade host cell and

A

redirect cells activity to make new viruses

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27
Q

Do number of genes for each type of virus vary few to hundred

A

yes

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28
Q

DNA Viruses

A

Double stranded ( ds) but maybe single stranded (ss) can be circular or linear

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29
Q

RNA Viruses

A

Single stranded or double stranded
Segmented into seprate RNA pieces

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30
Q

postive sense

A

Immediate translation

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31
Q

Negative sense

A

Must be converted into proper forms

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32
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Transcprtion and translation

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33
Q

RNA ploymerase for transcribing

A

DNA to RNA

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34
Q

Ribosomes for translating

A

RNA to protein

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35
Q

Viral

A

Transcprtion and translation

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36
Q

Viruses may have thier ___ to carry out t and t

A

enzyme

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37
Q

polymerases

A

DNA or RNA

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38
Q

Replicases

A

Copy RNA

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39
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

Synnthesis of DNA from RNA

40
Q

Steps of viral replication

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
41
Q

Adsorption

A

Binding virus to specific molecules on the host cell

42
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Huamn liver cells

43
Q

Rabies

A

Various cells of many mammals

44
Q

Poliovirus

A

Primate intestinal and nerve cells

45
Q

Host range

A

Spectrum of cells a virus can infect

46
Q

Penetration

A

Genome enters the host cell, flexable cell membrane

47
Q

Endocytosis

A

Entire virus is engulfed and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle

48
Q

Fusion

A

Envelope merges resulting in nucleocapsid DIRECT entery to cytoplasm

49
Q

Uncoating

A

Viral nucleic acid is released form the capsid ( ONLY IN ANIMAL VIRUSES)

50
Q

Synthesis

A

Viral components are prodcued

51
Q

Assembly

A

New viral particles are constructed

52
Q

release

A

Assembled viruses released by budding or cell lysis

53
Q

Shedding in the enevlop occurs in

A

Animal viruses only

54
Q

Replication and protien production

A

DNA;
- Replicated and assembled in the nucleus
RNA;
- Replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm

55
Q

Positive sense RNA

A

Message for translation

56
Q

Budding

A

Exocytosis, Nucleocapsid bind to membrane which PINCHES off, sheads the virus gradually ( NOT DESTROYED IMMEDIATLY)

56
Q

Negative sense RNA

A

Must be converted into postive sense

57
Q

Lysis

A

nonenveloped and comples virues relased when cell dies and ruptures

58
Q

Medical importance of Viruses

A
  • Most common case of acute infections
  • Are major participants in the earths ecosystem
59
Q

Cytopathic effects

A

induce damge to cells
- Change size and shape
- Cell fuse to form multinucleated cells
- Cell lysis
_ alter DNA
- Transform cell into cancer

60
Q

Persistent infections

A

Harbors virus and not lysed immediatley

61
Q

Chronic latent state

A

Last weeks or hos lifetime; several can periodically recativate

62
Q

Measles virus

A

remain hidden in brain cells for many years

63
Q

herpes simplex virus

A

cold spores and genital herpes

64
Q

herpes zoster virus

A

Chickenpox and shingles

65
Q

COVID-19 IS caused by

A

SARS-COv-2

66
Q

Covid symptomes

A
  • SHORTNESS OF BREATH
  • NEW LOSS OF TASE OR SMELL
  • Cough
  • fever
  • Etc.
67
Q

What is the name of post acute sequale of SARS-COv-2 inf.

A

Long covid and its ongoing, relapsing or new symptomes present after 30 days or more after covid infectuon

67
Q

Covid transmission

A

through respiratory droplets, startegies to reduce transmission include;
handwashing, up to date with vaccines, improving ventialtion, getting tested etc

68
Q

Covid at risk populations

A

Cancer, kindye, liver, lung, cystic fribrosis, diabetes etc

69
Q

Treatment for mild covid and can recover from home

A

Acetaminophen or ibuprofen

70
Q

people over the age of 50 who are unvaccinated can get very sick

A

Antivirals with 5-7 days of symptomes
( Paxlovid, Lagevrio and veklury)

71
Q

Immunocomporosied persons Who have taken antiviras and continue to experince symptomes may recive

A

Plasma treatment

72
Q

Absloute effectiveness

A

Vaccinated Vs Un vaccinated

73
Q

Relative vaccine effectiveness

A

Comapres vaccines type and regimen

74
Q

Incremental vaccine effectvnes

A

Compares number of does

75
Q

52% effect against inf. among..

A

adults age 18-49 after booster

76
Q

69% effective against critial illness

A

During 7-59 days after omicron period

77
Q

96% effective agasint critical illness

A

after 2 does of mRNA vaccine delta period

78
Q

89.6% against death

A

Among adults over 60 after 2 booster

79
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

80
Q

What does HIV target

A

Host immune system and can lead to AIDS

81
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

82
Q

Stage 1

A

Actue HIV

83
Q

Stage 2

A

Chronic HIV

84
Q

HIV is untreated when lead to aids

A

damaged immune system

84
Q

HIV targts and destroys ..

A

CD4$ helper t cells

84
Q

Stage 3

A

AIDS

85
Q

AIDS left untreated

A

3 year left to live

86
Q

HIV transmission

A

Bloodborne virus, anal sex, vaginal sex, mother to baby and sharing neddles

86
Q

HIV treatment

A

ART prevents replication of HIV particles , undeteabke menas having <50 copied of HIv/mL of blood

87
Q

prions

A

Misfolded protiens conatin no cucleic acid and extermly resistant to usual sterlization tech.

88
Q

Transmissible sponegifor encephalopathies

A

Casue Fatal neurodegenertive diseases

89
Q

Scrapie

A

Sheep and goats

90
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathies ( BSE)

A

mad cow disease

91
Q

wasting disease

A

elk

92
Q

Creutzfeldt jakob syndrome

A

humans

Biol 251 Lecture (12 decks)

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