Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the term autotroph.

A

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food and energy from inorganic substances/from the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain what it means to say that plants are the producers of the earth. What do they produce?

A

Plants are able to produce their own energy and food through photosynthesis, using mainly the energy from the sunlight. They produce the O2 that we breathe in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis.

A

Reactants: 6H2O + 6CO2
Products: C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain where the ultimate source of energy comes from in photosynthesis.

A

The ultimate source of energy is the sunlight that is taken in to drive photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Because chlorophyll a reflects green wavelengths and absorbs all others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain why it is beneficial for plants to have more than one type of pigment.

A

So that the plants can absorb maximum energy from a range of wavelenghts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do plant cells have mitochondria? Why or why not?

A

Yes, they have mitochondria because they also carry out cellular respiration. This creates the energy the plant cells need to carry out their functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the events of the calvin cycle.

A

CO2 going in pairs with a RuBP, and the Rubisco enzyme combines the two during carbon fixation. This makes it another intermediate for the calvin cycle. The cycle has to go through 6 times to produce one glucose molecule. During the calvin cycle, NADPH+, ATP, and Phosphate
are released back to the light reaction cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the term ‘carbon fixation’.

A

This is the method that combines a CO2 molecule with a RuBP molecule to turn carbon from an inorganic compound into an organic compound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Light reactions and the calvin cycle are linked by the electron transport chain. Describe the relationship between these two stages of photosynthesis.

A

During the light reaction, the ETC helps to produce NADPH and ATP that are sent to the calvin cycle to drive it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do plants do with the sugars made by photosynthesis?

A

It is used for energy, as well as used in the production of cellulose and starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the stages of photosynthesis occur?

A

Light reaction occurs in the thylakoids and Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

A

They are practically exact opposites of each other and used as the main energy source of either plants or animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the location, function, reactants, and products of the light reactions.

A

In the thylakoids, the main function is to convert light energy into ATP and NADPH, the reactants are sunlight and H2O, NADP+, and ADP, and the products are ATP, NADPH, and O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the location, function, reactants, and products of the calvin cycle.

A

In the stroma, the main function is to convert CO2 molecules into organic molecules to create glucose, the reactants are CO2, ATP and NADPH, and the products are Glucose, NADP+, and ADP + Phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organisms does photosynthesis occur in?

A

Plants, algae, and some bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does photosynthetic autotroph mean?

A

An organism that makes its own energy from the sunlight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Photosynthesis converts ___ energy from the sun into ___ energy stored in glucose.

A

light ; chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain how bubbles on aquatic leaves are formed.

A

By the O2 releasing from the stomata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 and 6 H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6 and 6 O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + Heat Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is there a commonality between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

They are opposite productions of each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the structures in a chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space, inner membrane, outer membrane, grana, stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the structures in a mesophyll cell?

A

Nucleus and central vacuole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are mesophyll cells found?

A

Between cell layers of a leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define chlorophyll.

A

The pigment molecules that absorb light energy and give leaves their green color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define mesophyll.

A

Where the chloroplasts are located.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define stomata.

A

Little pores on the lower epidermus of a leaf that allow gas exchange. They bring in CO2 and out O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define Stroma.

A

Fluid filled space where glucose is made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define thylakoids.

A

They are membrane bound compartments that help with absorbing sunlight. Site of light reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define Grana.

A

A stack of thylakoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do we need stomata?

A

Because they release the O2 gas that we breathe in, and they take in the CO2 we breathe out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What kind of energy is the light from the sun?

A

Electromagnetic Energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does light energy travel?

A

Through waves.

38
Q

What are photons?

A

Discreet packages of energy that travel in waves. They travel from the sun to the earth.

39
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Distance between 2 crests of waves. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy.

40
Q

What are the 3 ways light can react?

A

Reflect, absorb, or transmit.

41
Q

What is reflection?

A

When light comes in contact with an opaque surface, it reflects/bounces off of it.

42
Q

What is absorption?

A

When the light waves and object frequency are similar, light waves are absorbed by pigment molecules.

43
Q

What is transmission?

A

When light waves hit a tansparent or translucent surface, the light passes through.

44
Q

Which method would be the best for capturing the energy of light?

A

Absorption.

45
Q

Why do most leaves appear green? Which wavelength is absorbed and which are reflected?

A

They appear green becasue green wavelengths are being reflected, and the other wavelengths are absorbed.

46
Q

Why is a black object more likely to heat up in the sun than a white object?

A

Because the energy absorbed turns into heat, and black is all of the waves absorbed.

47
Q

What are the 3 pigment molecules?

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and caroteniods.

48
Q

What colors are absorbed and reflected from chlorophyll a?

A

Reflected: Green
Absorbed: Blue-Violet and Red

49
Q

Does chlorophyll a directly participate in photosynthesis?

A

Yes, it is the only pigment molecule that does.

50
Q

What colors are absorbed and reflected from chlorophyll b?

A

Reflected: Olive-Green
Absorbed: Blue and Orange

51
Q

What colors are absorbed and reflected from carotenoids?

A

Reflected: Yellow-Orange
Absorbed: Blue-Green, and Violet

52
Q

What is photoprotection?

A

When the absorbed energy is dissapated. It is protection from excessive heat, because it doesn’t react with the O2 molecules.

53
Q

Which pigment molecule has photoprotection?

A

Carotenoids.

54
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis and where do they happen?

A

Light reactions - in the thylakoids. Calvin cycle - in the stroma.

55
Q

Which molecules enter light reactions? Exit?

A

H2O enters, O2 exits.

56
Q

Which molecules enter the calvin cycle? Exit?

A

CO2 enters, Sugar exits.

57
Q

What is responsible for the light reactions that make molecules to store energy that will fuel the calvin cycle?

A

Electron transport chain.

58
Q

What is produced in light reaction?

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2

59
Q

How many protons and electrons does NADPH have?

A

2 electrons and 1 proton (H+)

60
Q

Explain how light energy bounces around the thylakoid membrane.

A

The light waves excite chlorophyll molecules and bounces between them. It ends up at a special pair of chlorophyll A that then donates and passes the excited electrons to a primary electron acceptor. The acceptor then passes the electrons to a short electron chain that is embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

61
Q

How does chlorophyll a get its electrons back?

A

It gains its electrons back from the H2O molecules when they hydrolize or split. This is what forms O2 that is released through the stomata.

62
Q

Where do the electrons go after they reach the primary electron acceptor?`

A

They are moved into a small electron transport chain. They are then moved to another membrane spanning protein and energize it, causing it to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space.

63
Q

Where do the H+ ions come from?

A

From the stroma, into the thylakoid space.

64
Q

What happens to the electrons once they reach the H+ pumping protein?

A

They go into a peripheral protein and are carried to the next complex (which is still absorbing light energy). The current chlorophyll is donating electrons to another acceptor and is left empty.

65
Q

How does the second pair of chlorophyll a get its electrons back?

A

It gets its electrons from the electron transport chain (NOT H2O).

66
Q

How are NADPH formed in the light reaction?

A

Electrons from the mobile electron carrier combine with NADP+ and H+ to become NADPH.

67
Q

Where do the NADPH molecules go?

A

Into the Calvin Cycle.

68
Q

What does the H+ gradient in the stroma represent?

A

Potential energy.

69
Q

What does the H+ gradient do?

A

It energizes the ATP synthase protein to create ATP.

70
Q

Where does the ATP go?

A

Into the Calvin Cycle.

71
Q

Which products goes into the calvin cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

72
Q

Which product is released as waste?

A

O2

73
Q

Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

74
Q

Where does the energy supply for the light reactions originate?

A

The sun

75
Q

What molecule captures the energy for the light reaction? Where is it found?

A

The chlorophyll captures the light. They are found inside the chloroplasts.

76
Q

What is another name for the calvin cycle?

A

Dark reactions

77
Q

What products from the light reactions do the calvin cycle use?

A

ATP and NADPH

78
Q

What is produced in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Glucose, ADP + P, and NADP+

79
Q

Which of these products are recycled back into the light reactions?

A

ADP+P and NADP+

80
Q

Which of these products is a form of chemical energy for the plant cell?

A

Glucose

81
Q

Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

In the stroma

82
Q

Where does the energy supply for the calvin cycle originate? In what form is it found?

A

It comes from the light reactions and it is in the form of ATP and NADPH

83
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

When CO2 is combined with RuBP to make another intermediate for the cycle.

84
Q

What enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation?

A

Rubisco

85
Q

What does RuBP stand for?

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate.

86
Q

How are intermediates made for the calvin cycle?

A

With energy from ATP and NADPH, as well as from carbon fixation.

87
Q

How many cycles are needed to produce a full glucose molecule?

A

6 cycles (1 per cycle).

88
Q

What molecules do the calvin cycle send back to light reaction?

A

NADP+ and ADP + P

89
Q

How does the calvin cycle turn NADPH back into NADP+?

A

Through reduction, giving the electrons to CO2 molecules.

90
Q

What happens during reduction?

A

3-Carbon structures (3-PGA) gain electrons and are converted into 3G3P.

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions