Chapter 2 Flashcards
How is oxygen imporant to the body,
Vital for cellular respiration
How is carbon important to the body,
Building block of organic molecule, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organic or inorganic?,
orgainic
How is Hydrogen important to the body,
Key component of water which is a significant portion of the body
how is nitrogen important to the body,
Crucial component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins
If an atom has an atomic mass of 12 and atomic number of 6 how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? and what is its net charge,
6 p, 6 n, 6 e, no charge
What are valence electrons,
Electrons located in the outermost energy shell of an atom, which determine the atoms reactivity
Is carbon (6) reactive,
yes
Is helium (2) reactive,
no
Is Sodium (11) reactive,
yes
Is Chloride (17) Reactive,
yes
Is Boron (5) reactive,
yes
What changes in isotopes?
number of neutrons
Is O=O polar or nonpolar,
nonpolar
Is C(6)-H(1) polar or nonpolar,
Nonpolar
Are fats polar or nonpolar,
Nonpolar
Are sugars polar or nonpolar,
polar
Is C-C polar or nonpolar,
nonpolar
Is C(6)O2(8) polar or nonpolar,
Nonpolar
Is H2(1)O(8) polar or nonpolar,
polar
Is C(6)H4(1) polar or nonpolar,
Nonpolar
Is N(7)H2(1) polar or nonpolar,
Polar
Does a cation lose or gain electrons? charge? which is the cation in NaCl,
Lose, +, Na
Does an anion lose or gain electrons? charge? which is the anion in NaCl,
Gain, -, Cl
Acid has ______ H+ and ____ OH- causing a ______ pH scale,
More; less; lower
Bases have ______ H+ and ____ OH- causing a ______ pH scale,
Less, more; higher
How would adding a buffer bring a soultions pH up?,
The OH- in th ebase would remove the H+ from the solution, increasing the pH
Define a chemical element,
A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances via chemical processes
what 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?,
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What is the difference btw an element and a compound,
A compound is a mixture of elements, elements are made of atoms
what makes up atoms,
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Explain the processes that result in chemical reaction,
chemical bonds break & the atoms separate & rearrange themselves into new substances w/ new chimcal bonds
What is atomic mass,
Protons + neutrons
What are the 3 types of chemical bonds, how do they form, and how strong are they,
covalent: strongest, sharing of electrons Ionic: give/take electrons Hydrogen: weakest, bond of hydrogen atoms
How is the attraction of electrons related to the polar covalent bonds in water,
Hydrogen is positive and the oxygen is negitive which is why water molecules can bond with other water molecules
What is an aqueous soultion? what is a solvent and solute?,
Aqueous: water solution Solvent: dissolving agent Solute: Substance dissolving
What is a pH buffer and how does it work,
A soultion of weak acid & base that resists a change in pH following addition of small amounts of a strong base. A buffer can Accept H+ if its pH gets low (weak base role) or donate H+ if the pH gets high (weak acid role)
Further the shell from the center, ____ the pull
greater
In each shell, electrons are orgainized into _______. There are __ in the first shell and __ in every shell after
orbitals; 2; 4
What is electronegativity
an atoms attraction for shared electrons
Does H have a strong or weak electronegativity
weak
Does N(7) have a strong or weak electronegaitvity
strong
Bonds with __ & __ are usually nonpolar
C & H
Bonds with __ & __ are usually polar
O & N
define endothermic
heat is absorbed to break H bonds
Define Exothermic
Heat is released to form H bonds
Acid ____ H+ Ions
donates
Base ____ H+ ions
accepts
