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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Large carbon based molecules are termed _____. These are composed of smaller building blocks called _____. These link together to form ______.,

A

Macromolecules, Monomers, Polymers

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2
Q

What is Dehydration Reaction?,

A

When a bond is formed through the LOSS of a water molecule. (H from one monomer and -OH from another)

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3
Q

What is Hydrolisis Reaction?,

A

When a polymer is broken down by the ADDITION of a water molecule.

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4
Q

What are Functional Groups?,

A

Chemically reactive groups that change hydrocarbons into molecules with a range of useful chemical and physical properties.

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5
Q

What are the Functional Groups?

A

Hydroxyl (OH), Carboxyl (CO OH), Amino (NH2), Phosphate (OPO32-), Methyl (CH3).

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6
Q

Which Functional Groups are Polar and Which are Non-Polar?,

A

Polar: Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate
Non-Polar: Methyl

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7
Q

Where would the Functional Groups be found?,

A

Hydroxyl: Alcohol and sugars
Carboxyl: Carboxylic acids, proteins, fatty acids
Amino: Proteins
Phosphate: ATP, Nucleotides
Methyl: DNA

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates and theyr monomers and polymers?,

A

Carbohydrates are energy storage for all organisms. They have single sugar monomers and simple sugar polymers.

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9
Q

What 2 functional groups make up carbohydrates?,

A

Hydroxyl and Carboxyl. (Carbohydrates have hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen).

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10
Q

What are monosaccharides?,

A

They are simple sugars, like Glucose and Fructose. They are the main fuel for cells to work.

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11
Q

What are disaccharides?,

A

Those are 2 monosaccharides linked through DEHYDRATION. Examples are Sucrose (Glucose and Fructose), Maltose (Glucose and Glucose), and Lactose (Galactose and Glucose).

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12
Q

What are Polysaccharides?,

A

2+ monosaccharides that are linked together to form a bigger molecule. Some of the main ones include Starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

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13
Q

What are the locations and function of the three main polysaccharides?,

A

Starch: Located in the plant cells and they are the energy storage in fruits and flowers.
Glycogen: Located in animal liver cells and skeletal muscles, energy storage for animals.
Cellulose: Located in the plant cell wall and are used for structure of the plant.

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14
Q

Why can the human digestive system not break down cellulose?,

A

Because we don’t have the enzyme that breaks it down.

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15
Q

What are isomers?,

A

Isomers are two organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different shape and and behave differently. Ex) C6H12O6.

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16
Q

What are lipids and their polymer and monomer?,

A

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are primarily made of hydrogen and carbon. They include Triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IS MAKING UP A MAJOR COMPONENT OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES. Their polymers are triglycerides and their monomers are fatty acids.

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17
Q

What are triglycerides?,

A

They are three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule.

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18
Q

What are fatty acids?,

A

They are long hydrocarbon chains that have a carboxyl functinoal group at the end of the molecule. Fatty acid chains vary in length.

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19
Q

What is Glycerol?,

A

3 carbon alcohol (three -OH groups in a single molecule).

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20
Q

What are saturated fats?,

A

When a fatty acid chain has the maximum numbler of Hs attatched. The arrangement makes the fatty acid chain straight and allows it to be packed tightly together. It has single C-C bonds, and are usually solud at room temperatures.

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21
Q

What are unsaturated fats?,

A

These have double bonds, which means the carbons are missing hydrogen atoms. They have a kink to them which prevents them from being tightly packed together. They are usually liquid at room temperature.

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22
Q

What are monosaturated and polysaturated unsaturated fats?,

A

If an unsaturated fatty acid has one double bond, it is monosaturated. If it has more than one double bond, then it is polysaturated.

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23
Q

Why are unsaturated fats considered to be the ‘good fats’?,

A

Because they help lower LDL cholestorol levels and reduce risk of heart disease.

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24
Q

What is the difference in a stick of margerine vs margerine in spray cans?,

A

A stick has more saturated fats and liquid has more unsaturated fats.

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25
Q

What are phospholipids?,

A

They are a major component of cell membranes in bacteria and eukaryotes. The structure is similar to triglycerides, but phospholipids have two groups of hydrophilic heads.

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26
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid. What part is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?,

A

The heads on phospholipids are polar and hydrophilic, facing out towards the water. In between are hydrophobic tails that are non-polar.

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27
Q

What are steroids?,

A

Steroids are a type of lipid that are made from Cholestorol. They are important to the cell membrane in plants and animals. A lot of important hormones come from steroids. Some examples include estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. STEROIDS ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN A WATER SOLUTION.

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28
Q

What are waxes?,

A

Waxes are HYDROPHOBIC lipids. They are used in nature as a coating dor items that the organism wants to keep dry inside, such as seeds. Waxes are used as an energy storage source in plankton, some fish, and whales.

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29
Q

What are proteins and their polymer+monomers?,

A

Proteins are the most diverse group of macromolecules. Their monomers are amino acids and their polymers are called polypeptides.

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30
Q

How many different amino acids are there?,

A

There are about 20 different ones that link together and determine different functions of the proteins.

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31
Q

Describe the structure of a general amino acid.,

A

It has a central carbon atom that is bound to a hydrogen atom and 3 functional groups. Those are an amino group, a carboxylic group, and then a side group called r-groups. (R stands for residue).

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32
Q

What are the 8 types of proteins and their functions?,

A

1) Enzyme - speed up the process of chemical reactions. (Ex: Digestive System)
2) Defensive - Protecting against disease. (Ex: Antibiotics)
3) Storage - They store the amino acids (ovalbumin)
4) Transport - Transportinf substances
5) Hormonal - Coordinated organisms activity (insulin)
6) Receptor - Response of cell to chemical stimuli (nerve cells)
7) Contractile + Motor - Movement (cilia flagella - motor. Actin + myosin - contract)
8) Structural - support (keratin, collagen)

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33
Q

What are peptide bonds?,

A

When amino acids are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis. Peptide bonds are STRONG COVALENT.

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34
Q

What is denaturing a protein and how can we do this?,

A

Denaturing is when the form of the protein is lost, therefore losing its function. This can be done by increasing temperature, change in pH, or increasing salt concentration.

35
Q

What would happen if hemoglobin was denatured?,

A

It would lose its ability to carry oxygen.

36
Q

What are the 4 levels of the protein structure?,

A

1) Primary. The order of amino acids in the protein (this step determines the final shape of the protein).
2) Secondary. The basic shape of a large portion of the molecule. Either an alpha helix shape, a beta pleated shape, or a mix.
3) Tertiary. The percice 3-Dimensional structure of the folded protein chain. This is when the R Groups come together.
4) Quaternary. Arrangement of multiple protein chains interacting as a single unit.

37
Q

How does the primary stage determine the secondary and tertiary structures?,

A

Because the chemical nature of the R groups of amino acids. The form = function.

38
Q

What are nucleic acids and their monomers and polymers?,

A

Nucleic acids are what carry genetic information for the cell. The polymers are DNA or RNA strands, and the monomers are nucleotides. These are joined by dehydration reactions.

39
Q

What does DNA carry?,

A

The genetic code that the cell uses to make protein, and control cell development and function.

40
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?,

A

Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

41
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?,

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. (They are bonded together through weak hydrogen bonds).

42
Q

Stretches of DNA are organized into functional units called ___?,

A

Genes. They hold the informtation to make one or more proteins.

43
Q

What kind of sugar molecule does RNA have?,

A

A ribose sugar. This means it DOES have the oxygen on carbon.

44
Q

What is mRNA?,

A

Messenger RNA. It is a single strand complementary copy of DNA.

45
Q

What are transcription and translation?,

A

Transcription is when the RNA copy is made, and translation is when the mRNA transfers the information from the DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

46
Q

What replaces Thymine in RNA?,

A

Uracil.

47
Q

What are Pruines?,

A

Double ringed. Guanine and Adenine. (Pure As Gold).

48
Q

What are Pyrimidines?,

A

Single ringed. Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil.

49
Q

What are 3 structural differences between DNA and RNA?,

A

1) DNA is double strands and RNA is single strands.
2) DNA has thymine, and RNA has uracil.
3) DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and RNA has ribose sugar.

50
Q

What is the maximum number of atoms that carbon can chemically bond?

A

4

51
Q

T/F The longest chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called the carbon backbone.

A

TRUE

52
Q

Since carbon has four valence electrons, how many more electrons does carbon need to fill its valence orbit?

A

4

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT an organic compound? CH4, C6H12O6, H2O, C8H18O

A

H2O

54
Q

T/F During hydrolysis, water is added to a polymer to break a bond.

A

TRUE

55
Q

Amino acids are linked together to form proteins. Which reaction would be used?

A

dehydration

56
Q

Which of the organ systems in the human body would use hydrolysis the most?

A

digestive

57
Q

What is the structure for Hydroxyl and where is it found

A

OH, found in sugar and alcohols

58
Q

What is the structure for Carbonyl/Carboxyl and where is it found

A

Cooh, Found in the acid group amino acids

59
Q

What is the structure for the amino group

A

NH2, found as the nitrogen group in amino acids

60
Q

what is the structure for Methyl and why is it important

A

CH3, important in gene expression

61
Q

Which functional group is part of ATP?

A

Phosphates

62
Q

Which functional group may be found in sugars?

A

Hydroxyl

63
Q

Which functional groups are found in an amino acid?

A

carboxyl and amino

64
Q

What is the fomula for carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6

65
Q

What makes up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

66
Q

what makes up lactose

A

glucose + galactose

67
Q

What makes up sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

68
Q

What is the reaction used to build a polysaccharide

A

dehydration synthesis

69
Q

What is the reaction used to break down polysaccharide

A

Hydrolysis

70
Q

The amino acid is made of a central carbon attached to a hydrogen, a variable (‘R’) group, and which two functional groups?

A

Carboxyl & Amino

71
Q

Which structure is the sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

72
Q

which structure is the formation of an alpha helix or pleated sheet

A

secondary structure

73
Q

Which structure is the 3D folding of the chain into a shape

A

tertiary structure

74
Q

which strucutre has multiple amino acid chains forming a large structure

A

quaternary structure

75
Q

If a strand of DNA has 30 bases (nucleotides), how many amino acids will it code for?

A

10

76
Q

Are triglycerides hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

77
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

78
Q

Are polar amino acids hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

79
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

80
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

81
Q

Is estrogen hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

82
Q

Is the phospholipid head hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

83
Q

Is glucose hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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