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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the meaning of the term hereditary info. How is DNA involved

A

It means that genetic information is passed down from parents to offspring. DNA is involved because in replication, one strand is parental and one strand is a new daughter strand. The model template is a parental strand.

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2
Q

Explain the experiment that was used to discover that DNA is, in fact, genetic material

A

Hershey and Case: used radioactive sulfer to dye protieins and radioactive phosporus for DNA
Showed that phages rise since its lighter than virus

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3
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and how that structure is able to meet the needs of the organism for hereditary transfer from generation to generation

A

The structure of DNA is a double helix, and when it is pulled apart by DNA helicase, the parental strand is used in replication which is how it is used for hereditary transfer.

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4
Q

Describe the nucleotides of DNA and RNA and how they are arranged. Which nitrogenous base bonds with which? How do DNA and RNA differ? how are the simular?

A

They both have the 3 essential building blocks (phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous bases), but RNA has ribose sugar while DNA is deoxyribose sugar. The base A always bonds with T (or U on RNA), and the base C always bonds with G. They are different because RNA is 1 strand whilde DNA is 2, RNA has uracil and DNA has thymine, and RNA is ribose sugar (with oxygen) and DNA is deoxyribose (without oxygen).

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5
Q

Explain how watson, crick, and franklin figured out the structure of DNA

A

They used x-ray diffracted images to observe the double helix shape.

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6
Q

Why does DNA have to duplicate in order of Mitosis to occur?

A

each daugther cell needs its own set of DNA

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7
Q

Define semiconservative replicaiton. Explain the concept of the DNA template

A

Semicon: Reuslting strand is half parent/half daugther.
When copying, strands untwist and split
The Parent strand is what decides how the daugther will look (template)

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8
Q

What is occuring at the origins of replication? Why are their multiple origins?

A

The origin of replication is where the DNA replication begins. There are multiple origins because eukaryotic DNA is much larger than prokaryotic DNA, so it needs to replicate much faster.

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9
Q

What is meant by a 3’ or 5’ end of DNA? How are they important in the process of replication and transcription?

A

This means that the 3’ end is where there is an OH molecule (hydroxyl group) and the 5’ end is where there is a phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon in the sugar ring.

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10
Q

Describe the function of DNA helicase

A

Enzyme that attaches to DNA and seperates parental strands
Opens DNA at replication bubble

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11
Q

Describe the function of DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme adds nucleiotides only at the 3’ end
Daugther cells elongates 5’-‘3 direction

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12
Q

What is meant by the statement: “DNA genotype is expressed as proteins that provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits”?

A

DNA codes for proteins to determine phenotype instructions in form of RNA

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13
Q

Explain how the gentoype is expressed as phenotype

A

Because a genotype codes for a trait, while a phenotype is what is expressed.

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14
Q

Steps that occur when a gene is translated into a protein

A

mRNA attaches to rRNA, rRNA tells tRNA which amino acids to bring. rRNA makes peptide bonds.

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15
Q

What is meant by one gene=one protein? Why is one gene=one polypeptide more accurate

A

Because proteins can be made up of more than one polypeptide chain

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16
Q

Defien transcription and translation

A

Transcription: Transfer of genetic material from DNA to RNA
Translation: Transer of genetic info from RNA to Protein

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17
Q

Explain what happens during DNA replication initiation, elongation, and termination

A

Initiation begins at the origin, and the parental strands are separated and form the replication bubble.
Elongation is where DNA polymerase starts to write on the 5’ to 3’ direction to write the daughter strand.
Termination is when the replication reaches the end and the new strand is proofread

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18
Q

what exactly is a gene?

A

A gene is a piece of DNA that contains the information necessary for the cell to make one protein

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19
Q

What is the Triplet code? What is a codon? What info do condons confer?

A

triplet: 3 bases are read at a time
Codon: 3 RNA bases that specify for an amino acid
Confer to amino acids

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20
Q

Define start and stop codons

A

Sequence of codons that signals the rRNA to stop translating to tRNA

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21
Q

Explain how tRNA is invloved in teh construction of a polypeptide

A

brings anticodon to build amino acid chain

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22
Q

Define an anticodon and how it works

A

An anticodon is a set of 3 complementary bases to mRNA that is on one end of tRNA.

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23
Q

Describe rRNA and its role in translation

A

Ribosome RNA: Makes polypeptides and positions the mRNA and RNA

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24
Q

What is mutation, how does it occur and what are the 4 types

A

Any change in the amino acid sequence of DNA
Happens when DNA Polymerase makes a mistake
Silent (no change),
Missease: (Change in aa (EX: Sickle cell))
Nonsense: Changes an aa into a stop codon
Base insertion/deletion

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25
Q

Define the term “Reading frame”

A

Area of mRNA being read

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26
Q

The complimentary bases of DNA are located on the _____ of the helix, with the sugar-phosphate backbone on the inside.

A

inside

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27
Q

The strand of DNA that is being replicated away from the replication fork and in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) is called the _________.

A

lagging strand

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28
Q

If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, it will contain __% cytosine.

A

37%

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29
Q

T/F? Protein synthesis may still occur without ribosomes.

A

FALSE

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30
Q

T/F? Translation is the first step in the production of a protein from the information coded by DNA

A

FALSE

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31
Q

T/F? Transcription is the process that synthesizes mRNA.

A

FALSE

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32
Q

T/F? In eukaryotes, the initial mRNA transcript is always found in the nucleus.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Who were the 2 scientists that performed an experiment on bacteriophages?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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34
Q

What are bacteriophages (phages)?

A

Viruses that can cause disease in bacteria.

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35
Q

What radioactive isotope labled the DNA?

A

Phosphorus

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36
Q

What radioactive isotope labled the Proteins?

A

Sulfur

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37
Q

Why did Hershey and Chase use sulfur and phosphorus?

A

Phosphorus was used to mark the DNA because DNA contains phosphorus but not sulfur, and the sulfur was used to mark proteins because the proteins contained sulfur but not phosphorus.

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38
Q

On the first run of the test, was the color showing up on the top or the bottom of the centrofuge?

A

Top

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39
Q

On the first run of the test, was there sulfur found in the bacteria?

A

No

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40
Q

On the second run of the test, was the phosphorus found in the bacteria?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What do the second results mean?

A

The bacteria cells were now green, which meant that the DNA is what entered the bacteria cells and proved that DNA was the genetic material used to replicate inside of and enter bacteria.

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42
Q

What two nitrogenous bases are single ringed?

A

Thymine (Uracil) and Cytosine

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43
Q

What are the single ringed structures on DNA called?

A

Pyridimines.

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44
Q

Which two nitrogenous bases are double ringed?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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45
Q

What are the double ringed structures on DNA called?

A

Purines

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46
Q

___ pairs with thymine and ___ pairs with cytosine.

A

Adenine, Guanine

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47
Q

Can two double rings pair together?

A

No, only single rings and double rings can pair together.

48
Q

Why is pairing important?

A

Because when single and double ring pair, the width of the DNA is uniform.

49
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

That the amount of A is always equal to the amount of T, and the amount of C is always equal to the amount of G.

50
Q

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

A

Watson, Crick, and Franklin.

51
Q

What specifics did Watson, Crick, and Franklin discover about the DNA shape?

A

That it has 2 polynucleotide strands, stacked nitrogenous bases, uniform diameter, and a double helix shape.

52
Q

What does polarity mean for DNA?

A

That it is different on each end. One end is 5’ phosphorus, and one is a 3’ hydroxyl group.

53
Q

Which way is DNA written?

A

5’ –> 3’

54
Q

What does antiparallel mean in DNA strands?

A

It means they run opposite from one another

55
Q

What type of bonds holds the nucleotides on one DNA strand together?

A

Covalent bonds

56
Q

What type of bonds link the nitrogenous bases of two DNA strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

57
Q

What are some differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA; Deoxyribose RNA; ribose
RNA is single strand, DNA is double strand
RNA has uracil, DNA has thymine.

58
Q

What is the complementary sequence of RNA to this DNA strand: ATTTAAAGCGCGCGGCGG

A

UAAAUUUCGCGCGCCGCC

59
Q

What must happen for inheritence to occur?

A

A complete set of genetic information must pass from one generation to the next. A complete and faithful copy of existing DNA must be made.

60
Q

How many template strands of DNA are there?

A

1 strand

61
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleus.

62
Q

Who discovered Semiconservative Replication?

A

Meselson and Stahl.

63
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

DNA molecules formed from DNA replication will consist of one strand that is from the original DNA and another that is the newly synthesized DNA strand.

64
Q

What is the name of the DNA at the start of semiconservative replication?

A

Parental

65
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

It adds DNA to the 3’ end and makes the daughter strand.

66
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

It breaks apart the double helix (separates the parental strands).

67
Q

What is origin of replication?

A

It is the specific site where replication begins.

68
Q

How many origins of replication does bacterial DNA have? Eukaryotic DNA?

A

1, many.

69
Q

Where does DNA helicase bind?

A

At the origin of replication.

70
Q

What happens when the two strands separate?

A

A separation bubble forms.

71
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

Points at which the DNA strands are separated from each other and 2 single strands are seen.

72
Q

Which way does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA?

A

From 3’ to 5’

73
Q

What happens in termination?

A

The DNA polymerase reaches the end of the strand and stops replicating the DNA and it unbinds from the DNA.

74
Q

What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription: DNA –> mRNA and Translation: mRNA –> Proteins

75
Q

Does mRNA leave the nucleus? Does DNA?

A

Yes, no

76
Q

What are codons?

A

Three base units (every three on mRNA) that are translated into amino acids.

77
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

It makes the mRNA strand by adding nucleotides in the 5’ –> 3’ direction.

78
Q

What are the terminator and prometer?

A

Places on the DNA that signal when to start and stop RNA polymerase from making the mRNA strand.

79
Q

What is the main point of transcription?

A

To make an mRNA strand that leaves the nucleus that is then translated into amino acids to form the correct proteins we need.

80
Q

What happens in translation?

A

The mRNA language is transferred into amino acids.

81
Q

What is triplet code?

A

3 bases read at a time

82
Q

What is a start codon?

A

First 3 bases where you start. AUG on eukaryotic cells.

83
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

It tells the ribosome when to stop translation.

84
Q

Can specific codons code for more than one amino acid?

A

No

85
Q

Can amino acids have multiple codons that code for them?

A

Yes

86
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

87
Q

What is the function of mRNA during translation?

A

It is a single strand of complementary bases that binds to the rRNA and is read to bring correct amino acids.

88
Q

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

A

It is complementary to the mRNA, and the rRNA tells the tRNA which amino acids (anticodons) to bring at a time.

89
Q

What is the function of rRNA during translation?

A

It reads the codons on mRNA and tells the tRNA which amino acid to bring. The small subunit is where the mRNA binds to.

90
Q

What is on each end of tRNA?

A

One end has a site that binds a specific amino acid that will be added to a peptide chain, and on the other end it has a triplet of RNA bases called an anticodon.

91
Q

Where does translation happen?

A

In the cytoplasm.

92
Q

Where is the location for protein synthesis?

A

The ribosome

93
Q

How do the ribosomes connect the amino acids together?

A

Through peptide bonds.

94
Q

Does rRNA make the polypeptide?

A

Yes

95
Q

Replication: what is the reader, template read, direction read, synthesized, and direction synthesized?

A

DNA polymerase, parental strand, 3’ –> 5’, DNA, and 5’ –> 3’

96
Q

Transcription: what is the reader, template read, direction read, synthesized, and direction synthesized?

A

RNA polymerase, DNA, 5’ –> 3’, mRNA, DNA synthesized from 5’ –> 3’

97
Q

Translation: what is the reader, template read, direction read, synthesized, and direction synthesized?

A

rRNA, mRNA, 5’ –> 3’, protein, and 5’ –> 3’

98
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

Through changes in the nucleotide sequence.

99
Q

What is the general flow of a mutation?

A

Different codon –> different amino acid –> different protein.

100
Q

What are some causes for mutations?

A

Reading errors during DNA replication or by physical and chemical agents.

101
Q

What are the 2 major categories of gene mutation?

A

Base substitutions and Base insertions or deletions.

102
Q

Whick category of gene mutation is frameshift mutation?

A

Insertion and deletion

103
Q

Original DNA: ATG GGC CGA CAT
Example 1: ATG GGC CAA CAT
What type of mutation is the example above?

A

Base Substitution.

104
Q

Original DNA: ATG GGC CGA CAT
Example 1: ATG GGC AAC AT
What type of mutation is the example above?

A

Base deletion

105
Q

Do all mutations have an effect on proteins?

A

No, some can be silent mutations.

106
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

It is a type of base substitution where the base changed still codes for the same amino acid, so there is no change.

107
Q

What are some results of base substitution?

A

Silent mutation (no change), insignificant change (if the amino acid is similar), crucial change (if the protein is no longer effective), or the protein might be improved.

108
Q

What type of effect are base insertions and deletions likely to have?

A

Disasterous ones because it throws off the entire reading frame.

109
Q

What is reading frame?

A

How you read the codons, if the frame is pushed back or forward, then you will have the wrong codons for the rest of the chain.

110
Q

Which nucleotides are effected by insertion and deletion?

A

All the ones “downstream”

111
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

When the amino acid is changed. Ex) sickle cell

112
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

When the codon is changed to a STOP codon. Ex) Cystic Fibrosis

113
Q

What are the main parts of a virus?

A

The head where the DNA is (wrapped with a protein shell), the tail, and the fibres on the ends.

114
Q

Do viruses have organelles?

A

No, they rely on a host cell organelle to make viral proteins.

115
Q

Are viruses specific for the cell types they attack?

A

Yes. Ex) Cold viruses attack respiratory tract tissue.

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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