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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene Expression means that ___

A

not all genes are turned on all the time

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2
Q

Gene regulation is the ability of a gene to ______________________

A

turn on/off a specific phenotype

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3
Q

what is differentation in gene expression

A

allows the embryonic stem cells to become different specialized cells

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4
Q

How would gene expression change as an individual ages from infacy into adulthood

A

it changes to send energy where is needed
EX: Hair color changes to grey to remove energy from that cell

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5
Q

Gene expression: DNA -> _____ -> _____ -> Proteins

A

DNA -> mRNA -> amino acids -> Proteins

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6
Q

identify the benefit of E coli only making enzymes to use lactose when lactose is present and glucose is absent

A

it allows it to only use that energy when both factors are present, creating efficent energy use

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7
Q

Humans begin as ______ and ______ which form a _______

A

egg/sperm which form a zygote

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8
Q

What types of genes must be expressed in the phenotype of nervous system cells

A

Neurotransmitter-related genes

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9
Q

What types of genes must be expressed in the phenotype of Skin cells

A

sensory receptor genes

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10
Q

What types of genes must be expressed in the phenotype of White Blood Cells

A

antigen receptor genes

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11
Q

What types of genes must be expressed in the phenotype of Muscles

A

contractile protein genes

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12
Q

What types of genes must be expressed in the phenotype of Red blood cells

A

hemoglobin genes

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13
Q

the tighter packed the genes are the ______ expression is

A

harder

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14
Q

Define metylation in Gene expression

A

occurs when a methyl group, -CH3, attachs to the cytosine on DNA, keeping the gene condensed and not expressed

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15
Q

Can methylated DNA be passed down? What is this called?

A

Yes
Epigenetic inheritance

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16
Q

Define Epigenetic inheritance

A

not invloving nucleotide sequence
passed through Daugther cells what genes are methylated or not

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17
Q

In Women: ______ in Embryotic development one of the two X chromosomes in each cell becomes inactive by condensing tightly into a _______

A

Early
Barr Body

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18
Q

Why is X inactivation important

A

to balance representation of genes

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19
Q

How does X inactivation contribute to coat color in animals like tortoiseshell cats

A

Which X is inactivated is random so it creates patches with different inactivations

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20
Q

what are homeotic genes

A

genes that are “Master control genees” control many other genes and help determine which end of a zygote is head of tail and the position of major body parts

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21
Q

What happens if homeotic genes are mutated

A

mmutted anatomy that can result in death

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22
Q

Reproductive cloning is achieved through ___________

A

nuclear transplantation

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23
Q

Steps of reproductive cloning

A

1.) nucleus of an egg is replaced with nucleus of adult somatic ell
2.) the nucleus divides
3.) BLASTOCYST is formed: hollow ball of ~100 cells
4.) Bastocyst is implanted

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24
Q

List some animals that have been cloned

A

sheep, dog, cat, pig, fly, human

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25
Q

Clones will be identical to ____________

A

somatic cell donor

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26
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

creates organs

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27
Q

How are adult stem cells used in therapeutic cloning?

A

can be used for SOME specialized cells

28
Q

what does the term pluripotent mean? What type of stem cells are usually pluripotent

A

Embryotic
all specialized cells are avalible

29
Q

Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor:
Tumor:

A

O: Cancer causing cells
PO: Normal cell w/ potental to be cancerous
TS: Inhibits uncontrolled cell division (P53 gene)
T: Uncontrolled growth

30
Q

How can a proto-oncogene become a oncogene

A

Chemical: Drugs/alcohol
Physical: X-ray/UV
Virus/Bacteria

31
Q

What are the top 5 carcinogenes

A

Tobacco, smoking, processed meat, pollution, and UV rays

32
Q

Decribe how carcinogens cause cancer

A

Continuing exposure to these things causes mutations to happen in your genes, and if you have 4 or more mutations you are going to likely get cancer.

33
Q

How could lifestyle increase/decrease cancer risk

A

Smoking greatly increases, age also increases
Healthy diet can decrease

34
Q

Since all of the cells of the body (execpt gametes) have the same genotype, explain how different cell types can express different phenotypes

A

Because environmental factors and how someone grows up will alter their phenotypes.

35
Q

List some benefits of the ability to turn certain genes on and off

A

Allows response to environmental changes

36
Q

What is a fertilized egg called? How many chromosomes does a human on have?

A

Zygote; 46

37
Q

Explain the concept of differentiation in eukaryotes

A

Cells become specialized in structure and function

38
Q

How do all of the trillions of cells in the human body express the correct genes for their function?

A

Specialized gene expression

39
Q

Desribe how DNA is packaged into Chromosomes. How does the packaging of DNA affect gene expression?

A

Histones: PRotein for DNA packagin
Nucleosome: 8 histones + DNA
Linker: Streches of DNA that connect to a nucleosome

40
Q

if a gene is tightly packed will it express more or less easily?

A

less

41
Q

Describe DNA methylation and what hapens to a gene that is methylated

A

Add methyl group to cytocine to turn gene off
It no longer expresses that gene

42
Q

Define Epigenetic inheritance

A

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly invloving nucleotide senquence

43
Q

Why don’t Females have double the amount of proteins coded for by the X Chromosome?

A

X Inactivation: one X Chromosome in each somatic cell inactivates in females by condensing into barr body effect

44
Q

how are barr bodies formed

A

one X chromosome becomes inactive and condenses tightly

45
Q

Are most eukaryotic genes turned on or off? Which is more imprtant in gene expression, activators or repressors?

A

Most genes are turned off. They are both important, because repressors decrease/halt transcription and turn off certain genes in the body, and activators regulate your gene expression by promoting transcription.

46
Q

What is a homeotic gene and why are they important

A

Master control genes that determine the anatomy of the body
Important for normal body arrangement

47
Q

Explain the steps in Eukaryotic cloning

A

Replace nucleus of an egg cell (receptient) with nucelus of an adult somatic cell (Donor)

48
Q

Explain why embryotic stem cells are harvested at a particular time in development

A

Embryotic stem cells give rise to all specialized cells while adult ones only have some

49
Q

How does reproductive cloning differ from therapeutic cloning?

A

Theraputic is for repair of damaged/diseased organs
Reproductive makes a whole new organism

50
Q

What is an adult stem cell? what are they used for and what are their limitations?

A

Stem cells from adults only have some specialized cells, used for theraputic cloning

51
Q

Define oncogenes, proto=oncogenes, and tumor-suppressor genes
and their importance

A

Onco: Cancer causing genes
Proto: normal genes w/ potential to become an oncogene
Tumor Suppressor: Inhibit uncontrolled cell division
Important in the identification and suppression of cancer

52
Q

What might make a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?

A

demethylation

53
Q

How do oncogenes cause cancer? how do tumor supproessor genes counteract oncogenes?

A

Oncogenes cause cancer because they cause the cell to divide and multiply uncontrollably. Tumor suppresor genes code for proteins that prevent or suppress cancer in an active form. They also code for apoptosis, or cell self deleting.

54
Q

what is meant by: “Most cancers are caused by more than one mutation”? How does this work? What errors must occur to allow the formation of a tumor

A

Mitosis error
Gradual accumulation of mutations that cenverts into proto-oncogenes to oncogenes and mutations/loss of tumor-suppressor genes

55
Q

Describe a carcinogen. Identify the most common carcinogen

A

Cancer causing agents.
Drugs (Tobacco)

56
Q

How do life choices counteract carcinogens?

A

Whatch what you eat and put in your body

57
Q

Would 2 clones animals look and behave identically? Explain how identical twins might express different proteins

A

They would look the same but act differently as they have different brains
Epigenetic inheritance

58
Q

_______ gene help determines where legs and arms will develop.

A

Homeotic gene

59
Q

The units of hereditary information are called

A

Genes

60
Q

During RNA splicing, _____ are removed from the original mRNA sequence to produce the resulting mRNA.

A

introns

61
Q

A repressor is controlled by a ________.

A

regulatory gene

62
Q

Due to alternative ________ one gene can result in multiple polypeptides.

A

RNA splicing

63
Q

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from the _________.

A

blastocyst

64
Q

Prokaryotic ____________ initiates gene transcription without the assistance of transcription factors.

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

T/F The tortoiseshell trait in cats is found on the X chromosome. Due to X chromosome inactivation, tortoiseshell cats are always females.

A

FALSE

66
Q

A gene that when present can cause cancer is called an _______-.

A

oncogene

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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