Chapter 4 Flashcards
What does cell theory suggest
that a plant and animal tissue are composed of individual cells
what are the 3 basic points of the cell theory
- life doesnt come from non-living 2. all organisims are made of cells 3. life is passed from parent to offspring
What 4 structures are in all cells
dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane
what domains are Prokaryotic cells in
bacteria and archaria
Are bacteria smaller or larger than eukaryotic cells
10-100 times smaller
what do ribosomes do
protein synthesis
what do bacteria cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
what 2 things make up peptidoglycan
protein and carbohydrates
What do fimbriae do
help bacteria stick to surfaces
Do fimbriae help bacteria move
no
do bacteria have a nucleus
no
how many chromosomes do bacteria have
1
Are prokaryotic cells membrane bound
no
What kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin
fungi
what type of organic molecule is cellulose
polysaccharide
Is the head of phospholipids hydrophilic or phobic polar or nonpolar
polar, philic
is the tail of the phospholipid hydrophilic or phobic, polar or nonpolar
nonpolar, phobic
Name 4 organic molecules that make up most of the plasma membrane
phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins
Which of the following would most likely pass through the membrane easily: a polar amino acid, a nonpolar amino acid, glucose, ions, a lipid-based hormone, a protein-based hormone, water
nonpolar amino acid, lipid-based hormone
DNA is _____ to RNA, RNA is _____ to protein
transcribed, translated
Do small, nonpolar compounds need transport proteins
no
Do small, polar compounds need transport proteins
yes
What are transport proteins
proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane
Is the nucleus membrane bound
yes
what is the double phospholipid bilayer around the nucleous called? what are the protein canes embedded in it called
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
What macromolecule is stored in the nucleus
DNA
What is the purpose of the nuclear pores
regulate movement in and out of the cell
Does DNA ever leave the nucleous
no
What is an example of a multinuclear cell in the animal body
skelital muscle
What is an example of a anuclear cell in the animal body
red blood cell
When the cell is not dividing, the DNA and its histone proteins are called______ and are in a non-condensed form
Chromatin
When the cell is preparing th divide, the DNA and its histone proteins are condensed and are _____
Chromasome
Is the nucleolous membrane bound
no, it is found in the nucleous
What is stored/made in the nucleolus
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other parts of teh ribosomes
Where does the protein go after the rough ER
Golgi
Is the ribosome membrane bound
no
What is the function of the smooth ER (SER)
Make lipids, detox, make carbs
Where are free ribosomes found
cytoplasm
where are fixed (bound) ribosomes found
attached to the ER or Nuclear envelope
What is made by the smooth ER
lipids
what is stored within the smooth ER
Ca2+
What is made in the rough ER
proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane
Where do proteins made by the rough ER go
out of the cell
What makes the rough ER rough
ribosomes
if a cell has alot of rough ER, whould would it have an abundence of
proteins
The liver detoxifies harmful substances for the body, would it have more rER or sER
smooth
Cells in hormone-producing glands of animals have very large amounts of smooth ER, why
it makes lipids (steriods)
What is the path of bound proteins (8 steps)
Nucleous, nuclear pore, rER, trasport vesicle, Golgi, secretory vescile, PM, Exocytosis
is the Golgi membrane bound
yes
What is types of molecules are altered and packages in the Golgi
protein
What kind of modifications are made by the golgi
adding a carb as a tag
How are products transported to the Golgi from the ER
transport vesicles
Are lysosomes membrane bound
yes
What do lysosomes primarily do
contain digestive enzymes that primarily degrade or destroy compounds delivered to tem
What type of mcaromolecule is a digestive enzyme
protein
Is the enzymes in the lysosome acidic or basic
acidic
Why do cells in the immune system usualy have a large amount of lysosomes
they can destroy cells and cause phaocytosis
Why does Peroxisomes make H2O2
to detoxify harmful substances
What do the catalase in peroxisomes do
break down H2O2 to water and oxygen since H2O2 is harmful to the cell
are peroxisomes membrane bound
yes
Animal cells have ____ vacuoles that form via ______. Plant cells contain ______ vacuole used for _______
food, phagocytosis. a central, storage
Are vacuoles membrane bound
yes
What is stored in the central vacuole of a plant
Water, chemical nutrience, toxic waster
Why do plant cells need a central vacuole but animals don’t
maintain pressure which provides structure/ridgitiy
how many phospholipid layers do mitochondrion have
2
what is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called? what is its structure
crista, highly folded
the mitochondrion of the cell produces energy in the form of___
atp
Why does chloroplast appear green
chlorophyll
What is the cytoskeleton
a fibrous network of proteins that crisscorss through the cytoplasm
What does the cytoskeleton do
gives the cell its shape and anchors organelles
What is a vesicle
sacs of membrane that transport products throughout the cell, may move by being ppulled along protein fibers by motor proteins that “walk” along fibers
What are microfliaments responsible for
movement
What are intermediate filaments responsible ofr
shape
What are microtubules responsible for
tracks for transportation
The centrosome contains a pair of _______ and is called the “___________________”
centrioles, microtubule-organizing center
What is the main function of the centrosome
act as an anchor point and give an axis of direction
How many centrosomes can be found in a nondividing cell? how many centrioles
1, 2
What is the role of the centrosome in a dividing cell
organize microtubles and facilitating division
What ar ethe three main types of cell extentions and their function
cilla (wave-like movement), Flagella (propel w/ whip-like motion), Microvilli (Increase surface area for absorption, secretion, adhesion)
What makes up cilia, flagella, microvilli
microtubules
Are cell extentions membranous or non
nonmembranous
Where can cilia be found
lungs
Do all cells have cell extensions
nonmembranous
Order in which protein could be made and exported out of the cell via endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
What four components are found in every cell type?
DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane
What is cytoplasm?
Thick solution that is enclosed by the membrane. Organelles sit in the cytoplasm.
Compare and contrast cells from each kingdom of domain eukarya.
Animalia: We have regular vacuole.
Plantae: Have a cell wall, central vacuole
Fungi: Have chitin.
Protista: ?
Describe the structure of a PROKARYOTIC cell.
It has a nucleoid region that stores DNA (chromosomes). It has little ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It has a membrane, cell wall, and then capsule. Flagellum for movement. Fimbrae on the outside that are spiky. For adhesion.
Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer that encircles the cell, keeping all the organelles inside. It has proteins embedded in or ones that pass through to help carry in/out molecules.
Other than phospholipids, what other molecules may be found in the membrane? (4)
Cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
Describe the importance of the nucleus. What is unique about its structure?
The nucleus has a double phospholipid bilayer. which makes it unique. Inside is the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes. On the outside are the nuclear pores, which allow things in and out of the nucleus.
How can bacteria function without a nucleus
it has a nucleiod region which holds the DNA
What is the difference between free and fixed ribosomes?
Free: They are free in the cell, and they produce proteins for functions within the cell.
Fixed: These are bound to the rough ER, which is what makes it rough. They produce proteins that go outside of the cell.
What is the structure and function of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
What would happen to a cell if its mitochondria weren’t able to function?
It wouldn’t be able to produce energy.
Explain the process that occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Compare and contrast them
Mitochondria is cellular respiration, which occurs in the inner membrane of the crista.
Chloroplast is photosynthesis.
Both of these produce energy.
Describe the structure of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion
Mitochondria: it has 2 phospholipid bilayers. The inner membrane is highly folded, and called the crista. The track that ribosomes travel is called the matrix.
Chloroplast: They have an inner and outer membrane. Inside, the fluid is called the stroma. A single plate shaped thing is a thykaloid, and a stack is a granum.
What is the imporance of the cytoskeletons of the cell. What are the structures that make it up?
It gives the cell shape and anchors organelles in place. The three structures are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Nucleus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It holds the genetic code for creating proteins you need.
Nucleolus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: It is inside the nucleus and it makes the ribosomes/proteins.
Ribosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: Their main function is to synthesize/make proteins.
sER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It stores calcium ions in muscle cells and produces lipids, sex hormones, oils, and detoxifies chemicals. It also breaks down glycogen when you need energy
rER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: It produces, modefies, inspects, and dispatches proteins used by the rest of the cell.
Golgi: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It recieves products made by the ER. It then further modifies, packages, and ships the products to their final destination.
Lysosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: They come from the golgi and they contain digestive enzymes and are involved in degrading or destroying compounds delivered to them.
Peroxisome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: They break down fatty acids. During the process of detoxifying, they produce H2O2 and use catalase to break it into H2O and O2.
Vacuole: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: In an animal cell, they are food vacuoles that store nutrients. In a plant cell, the central vacuole that is also used for storage, as well as structure.
Mitochondrion: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: They are the site for cellular respiration. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
Chloroplast: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: Photosynthetic organelles in plant cells
Cytoskeleton: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: For structure and anchoring organelles in the cytoplasm.
Centrosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They organize the microtubules in the cell that act as anchor points for organelles.
Cilia: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They remove debris and carry particles away from the lungs.
Flagella: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They help the cells move.
Microvilli: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They increase surface area for absorbtion, secretion, adhesion, and mechotransduction.
