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Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does cell theory suggest

A

that a plant and animal tissue are composed of individual cells

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2
Q

what are the 3 basic points of the cell theory

A
  1. life doesnt come from non-living 2. all organisims are made of cells 3. life is passed from parent to offspring
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3
Q

What 4 structures are in all cells

A

dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane

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4
Q

what domains are Prokaryotic cells in

A

bacteria and archaria

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5
Q

Are bacteria smaller or larger than eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 times smaller

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6
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

what do bacteria cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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8
Q

what 2 things make up peptidoglycan

A

protein and carbohydrates

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9
Q

What do fimbriae do

A

help bacteria stick to surfaces

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10
Q

Do fimbriae help bacteria move

A

no

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11
Q

do bacteria have a nucleus

A

no

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12
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have

A

1

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13
Q

Are prokaryotic cells membrane bound

A

no

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14
Q

What kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin

A

fungi

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15
Q

what type of organic molecule is cellulose

A

polysaccharide

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16
Q

Is the head of phospholipids hydrophilic or phobic polar or nonpolar

A

polar, philic

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17
Q

is the tail of the phospholipid hydrophilic or phobic, polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar, phobic

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18
Q

Name 4 organic molecules that make up most of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins

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19
Q

Which of the following would most likely pass through the membrane easily: a polar amino acid, a nonpolar amino acid, glucose, ions, a lipid-based hormone, a protein-based hormone, water

A

nonpolar amino acid, lipid-based hormone

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20
Q

DNA is _____ to RNA, RNA is _____ to protein

A

transcribed, translated

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21
Q

Do small, nonpolar compounds need transport proteins

A

no

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22
Q

Do small, polar compounds need transport proteins

A

yes

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23
Q

What are transport proteins

A

proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane

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24
Q

Is the nucleus membrane bound

A

yes

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25
Q

what is the double phospholipid bilayer around the nucleous called? what are the protein canes embedded in it called

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

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26
Q

What macromolecule is stored in the nucleus

A

DNA

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear pores

A

regulate movement in and out of the cell

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28
Q

Does DNA ever leave the nucleous

A

no

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29
Q

What is an example of a multinuclear cell in the animal body

A

skelital muscle

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30
Q

What is an example of a anuclear cell in the animal body

A

red blood cell

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31
Q

When the cell is not dividing, the DNA and its histone proteins are called______ and are in a non-condensed form

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

When the cell is preparing th divide, the DNA and its histone proteins are condensed and are _____

A

Chromasome

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33
Q

Is the nucleolous membrane bound

A

no, it is found in the nucleous

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34
Q

What is stored/made in the nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other parts of teh ribosomes

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35
Q

Where does the protein go after the rough ER

A

Golgi

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36
Q

Is the ribosome membrane bound

A

no

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37
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER (SER)

A

Make lipids, detox, make carbs

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38
Q

Where are free ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

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39
Q

where are fixed (bound) ribosomes found

A

attached to the ER or Nuclear envelope

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40
Q

What is made by the smooth ER

A

lipids

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41
Q

what is stored within the smooth ER

A

Ca2+

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42
Q

What is made in the rough ER

A

proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane

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43
Q

Where do proteins made by the rough ER go

A

out of the cell

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44
Q

What makes the rough ER rough

A

ribosomes

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45
Q

if a cell has alot of rough ER, whould would it have an abundence of

A

proteins

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46
Q

The liver detoxifies harmful substances for the body, would it have more rER or sER

A

smooth

47
Q

Cells in hormone-producing glands of animals have very large amounts of smooth ER, why

A

it makes lipids (steriods)

48
Q

What is the path of bound proteins (8 steps)

A

Nucleous, nuclear pore, rER, trasport vesicle, Golgi, secretory vescile, PM, Exocytosis

49
Q

is the Golgi membrane bound

A

yes

50
Q

What is types of molecules are altered and packages in the Golgi

A

protein

51
Q

What kind of modifications are made by the golgi

A

adding a carb as a tag

52
Q

How are products transported to the Golgi from the ER

A

transport vesicles

53
Q

Are lysosomes membrane bound

A

yes

54
Q

What do lysosomes primarily do

A

contain digestive enzymes that primarily degrade or destroy compounds delivered to tem

55
Q

What type of mcaromolecule is a digestive enzyme

A

protein

56
Q

Is the enzymes in the lysosome acidic or basic

A

acidic

57
Q

Why do cells in the immune system usualy have a large amount of lysosomes

A

they can destroy cells and cause phaocytosis

58
Q

Why does Peroxisomes make H2O2

A

to detoxify harmful substances

59
Q

What do the catalase in peroxisomes do

A

break down H2O2 to water and oxygen since H2O2 is harmful to the cell

60
Q

are peroxisomes membrane bound

A

yes

61
Q

Animal cells have ____ vacuoles that form via ______. Plant cells contain ______ vacuole used for _______

A

food, phagocytosis. a central, storage

62
Q

Are vacuoles membrane bound

A

yes

63
Q

What is stored in the central vacuole of a plant

A

Water, chemical nutrience, toxic waster

64
Q

Why do plant cells need a central vacuole but animals don’t

A

maintain pressure which provides structure/ridgitiy

65
Q

how many phospholipid layers do mitochondrion have

A

2

66
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called? what is its structure

A

crista, highly folded

67
Q

the mitochondrion of the cell produces energy in the form of___

A

atp

68
Q

Why does chloroplast appear green

A

chlorophyll

69
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

a fibrous network of proteins that crisscorss through the cytoplasm

70
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do

A

gives the cell its shape and anchors organelles

71
Q

What is a vesicle

A

sacs of membrane that transport products throughout the cell, may move by being ppulled along protein fibers by motor proteins that “walk” along fibers

72
Q

What are microfliaments responsible for

A

movement

73
Q

What are intermediate filaments responsible ofr

A

shape

74
Q

What are microtubules responsible for

A

tracks for transportation

75
Q

The centrosome contains a pair of _______ and is called the “___________________”

A

centrioles, microtubule-organizing center

76
Q

What is the main function of the centrosome

A

act as an anchor point and give an axis of direction

77
Q

How many centrosomes can be found in a nondividing cell? how many centrioles

A

1, 2

78
Q

What is the role of the centrosome in a dividing cell

A

organize microtubles and facilitating division

79
Q

What ar ethe three main types of cell extentions and their function

A

cilla (wave-like movement), Flagella (propel w/ whip-like motion), Microvilli (Increase surface area for absorption, secretion, adhesion)

80
Q

What makes up cilia, flagella, microvilli

A

microtubules

81
Q

Are cell extentions membranous or non

A

nonmembranous

82
Q

Where can cilia be found

A

lungs

83
Q

Do all cells have cell extensions

A

nonmembranous

84
Q

Order in which protein could be made and exported out of the cell via endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

85
Q

What four components are found in every cell type?

A

DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane

86
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Thick solution that is enclosed by the membrane. Organelles sit in the cytoplasm.

87
Q

Compare and contrast cells from each kingdom of domain eukarya.

A

Animalia: We have regular vacuole.
Plantae: Have a cell wall, central vacuole
Fungi: Have chitin.
Protista: ?

88
Q

Describe the structure of a PROKARYOTIC cell.

A

It has a nucleoid region that stores DNA (chromosomes). It has little ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It has a membrane, cell wall, and then capsule. Flagellum for movement. Fimbrae on the outside that are spiky. For adhesion.

89
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

A

Phospholipid bilayer that encircles the cell, keeping all the organelles inside. It has proteins embedded in or ones that pass through to help carry in/out molecules.

90
Q

Other than phospholipids, what other molecules may be found in the membrane? (4)

A

Cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

91
Q

Describe the importance of the nucleus. What is unique about its structure?

A

The nucleus has a double phospholipid bilayer. which makes it unique. Inside is the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes. On the outside are the nuclear pores, which allow things in and out of the nucleus.

92
Q

How can bacteria function without a nucleus

A

it has a nucleiod region which holds the DNA

93
Q

What is the difference between free and fixed ribosomes?

A

Free: They are free in the cell, and they produce proteins for functions within the cell.
Fixed: These are bound to the rough ER, which is what makes it rough. They produce proteins that go outside of the cell.

94
Q

What is the structure and function of the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

95
Q

What would happen to a cell if its mitochondria weren’t able to function?

A

It wouldn’t be able to produce energy.

96
Q

Explain the process that occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Compare and contrast them

A

Mitochondria is cellular respiration, which occurs in the inner membrane of the crista.
Chloroplast is photosynthesis.
Both of these produce energy.

97
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion

A

Mitochondria: it has 2 phospholipid bilayers. The inner membrane is highly folded, and called the crista. The track that ribosomes travel is called the matrix.
Chloroplast: They have an inner and outer membrane. Inside, the fluid is called the stroma. A single plate shaped thing is a thykaloid, and a stack is a granum.

98
Q

What is the imporance of the cytoskeletons of the cell. What are the structures that make it up?

A

It gives the cell shape and anchors organelles in place. The three structures are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

99
Q

Nucleus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It holds the genetic code for creating proteins you need.

100
Q

Nucleolus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: It is inside the nucleus and it makes the ribosomes/proteins.

101
Q

Ribosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: Their main function is to synthesize/make proteins.

102
Q

sER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It stores calcium ions in muscle cells and produces lipids, sex hormones, oils, and detoxifies chemicals. It also breaks down glycogen when you need energy

103
Q

rER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: It produces, modefies, inspects, and dispatches proteins used by the rest of the cell.

104
Q

Golgi: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It recieves products made by the ER. It then further modifies, packages, and ships the products to their final destination.

105
Q

Lysosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: They come from the golgi and they contain digestive enzymes and are involved in degrading or destroying compounds delivered to them.

106
Q

Peroxisome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: They break down fatty acids. During the process of detoxifying, they produce H2O2 and use catalase to break it into H2O and O2.

107
Q

Vacuole: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: In an animal cell, they are food vacuoles that store nutrients. In a plant cell, the central vacuole that is also used for storage, as well as structure.

108
Q

Mitochondrion: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: They are the site for cellular respiration. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

109
Q

Chloroplast: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: Photosynthetic organelles in plant cells

110
Q

Cytoskeleton: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: For structure and anchoring organelles in the cytoplasm.

111
Q

Centrosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They organize the microtubules in the cell that act as anchor points for organelles.

112
Q

Cilia: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They remove debris and carry particles away from the lungs.

113
Q

Flagella: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They help the cells move.

114
Q

Microvilli: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They increase surface area for absorbtion, secretion, adhesion, and mechotransduction.

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

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