Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summer Bio Final - All Notes > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is another name for a cell membrane?,

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a cell membrane do?,

A

It forms a barrier around the cell to separate the cell’s contents from outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 4 types of organic compounds make up the cell membrane?,

A

Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Colesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound in the cell membrane?,

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?,

A

Regulating movement of material in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does selective permeability mean?,

A

It means the membrane only lets through certain molecules, like small non polar molecules. This is because of the phospholipids that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following molecules would move easily through the plasma membrane? Sucrose, Cholesterol, Water, Fatty Acids, Na+, Bicarbonate Ion,

A

Fatty acids and Choleterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following molecules would NOT move easily through the plasma membrane? Sucrose, Cholesterol, Water, Fatty Acids, Na+, Bicarbonate Ion,

A

Sucrose, Water, Na+, and Bicarbonate Ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 classifications of proteins in the plasma membrane?,

A

Transmembrane (Integral) and Peripheral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Transmembrane (Integral) Proteins?,

A

Proteins that are embedded into the bilayer and cross from the cytoplasm to outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Peripheral Proteins?,

A

Proteins that are not embedded into the membrane. but are bound to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?

A

Transport (Carrier and Channel), Emzymes, and Receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of transport (carrier and channel) membrane proteins?,

A

Transport Proteins allow molecules to selectively transfer through the plasma membrane.
Carrier: They bind with passenger molecules, change their shape, and release them on the other side. This is for travel of large polar molecules like glucose and amino acids.
Channel: They are small hydrophilic tunnels that allow ions and other small poler molecules to enter and exit the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of an Enzyme?,

A

To act as a catalyst for chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of a receptor protein?,

A

They act as communication between the cell and its environment. They bind signalling molecules and relay a message by activating other molecules in the cell. They recieve molecules form outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?,

A

It maintains the structure and the fluidity of the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a glycoprotein?,

A

A glycoprotein is a protein that is bonded with a carbohydrate. They function as cell to cell recognition, such as white blood cells recognizing infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a glycolipid?,

A

A glycolipid is a lipid bonded with a carbohydrate. They maintain stability of the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a concentration gradient?,

A

The difference in the amount of a particular substance inside and outside of a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Does passive transport require ATP?,

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What directio do molecules move in passive transport?,

A

“Down the Gradient”, which means from High to Low concentration until equilibrium is reached between the 2 sides of the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is simple diffusion?,

A

A type of passive transport where molecules can easily pass through the membrane, down the gradient. These molecules are small nonpolar molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are two examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across membranes?,

A

O2 and CO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are large molecules, charged molecules, and polar molecules blocked from crossing?,

A

Because of their size and their inability to interact with the polar and nonpolar parts of the phospholipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?,

A

A type of passive transport where channel and carrier proteins are used to help the transport of materials across the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What types of molecules are transported across the membrane during facilitated diffusion?,

A

Small polar molecules, large polar molecules, and ions. H2O, Glucose, and Amino Acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what type of molecules do the channels and carriers move?,

A

Carrier: Large polar molecules
Channel: Small Polar and Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is osmosis?,

A

The movement of water down its concentration gradient across the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the special channels called where water travels?,

A

Aquaporins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why can’t water pass through the plasma membrane?,

A

Because of the hydrophobic tails in the middle of the phospholipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is tonicity?,

A

An outside solution that causes a cell to lose or gain water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What area does water move towards to obtain equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell?,

A

It moves to a region with more solute particles and less water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?,

A

The extracellular solution is MORE cpncentrated than the cytoplasm. Water from the cell goes out of the cell and into the solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?,

A

The cell shrinks. There is a lower amount of sodium chloride inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?,

A

The extracellular solution is LESS concentrated than the cytoplasm. Water from outside the cell goes inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?,

A

The cell swells, lyses, and bursts (hemolysis). There is less NaCl outside the cell and more H2O inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an isotinic solution?,

A

The extracellular solution is the SAME as the cytoplasm. Equal amounts of water moving in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens to the cell in an isotonic solution?,

A

Nothing, it stays the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Would a plant prefer to recieve water that is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?,

A

Hypotonic, so it can remain turgid (swollen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Would a dog prefer to revieve water that is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?,

A

Isotonic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is active transport?,

A

Movement of molecules up the gradient, requires energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What direction do molecules move in active transport?,

A

From low to high concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Does active transport require ATP?,

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What substances use active transport?,

A

Large polar substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is an example of active transport?,

A

Na+K+ pump.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are sodium-potassium pumps?,

A

They are transmembrane proteins that use active transport to move sodium and potassium across the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

___ is pumped out of the cell in exchange for pumping ___ into the cell.,

A

Na+, K+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe what a Na+K+ pump does in your own words.,

A

Pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell to maintain balance of ions for the cell to continue functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Would you expect a higher or lower concentration of sodium inside the cell? Outside?,

A

Lower inside, higher outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Would you expect a higher or lower concentration of potassium inside the cell? Outside?,

A

Higher inside, lower outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is bulk transport?,

A

What cells use to move large molecules or volumes across membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is endocytosis?,

A

When a cell takes in large amounts of molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What types of substances are moved across the membrane during endocytosis?,

A

Large particles and fluids.

54
Q

Does endocytosis need energy?,

A

Yes.

55
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?,

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated cytosis.

56
Q

What is phagocytosis?,

A

Cell “eating”. When a food vacuole takes food from the outside, engulfs it, and breaks it down. Ex) White blood cells digesting bacteria and infection.

57
Q

What is pinocytosis?,

A

Cell “drinking”. Drinking extra cellular fluid and packaging it into vesicles to be used.

58
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?,

A

When specific molecules are taken in. Moving in specific molecules with vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.

59
Q

What types of substances are moved across the membrane during phagocytosis?,

A

Large molecules like proteins, dead cells, and debri.

60
Q

What types of substances are moved across the membrane during pinocytosis?,

A

Small droplets of fluid with the dissolved substances (nutrients, ions, and small proteins).

61
Q

What types of substances are moved across the membrane during receptor mediated endocytosis?,

A

Specific molecules.

62
Q

What is exocytosis?,

A

Moving large substances or volumes such as wastes OUTSIDE of the cell.

63
Q

How are substances packaged up to be transported out of the cell?,

A

They are packaged into membrane bound vesicles that move to the cell membrane, fuse with it, and then release their content into the extracellular space.

64
Q

Where do these substances come from?,

A

They originate from the nuclear envelope and move through the golgi, the rough ER, act and are synthesized, processed, and sorted into vesicles to then be taken out of the cell.

65
Q

What types of substances are transported via exocytosis?,

A

Bulky molecules like proteins and polysaccharides.

66
Q

What is energy?,

A

The ability to do work.

67
Q

How do cells use energy?,

A

They transform energy from one form to another so the cell can perform work. Ex) chemical energy in ATP is converted into movement.

68
Q

What is kinetic energy?,

A

This is energy that something has while in motion.

69
Q

What is potential energy?,

A

Stored energy as a result of location or structure.

70
Q

What is chemical energy?,

A

When potential energy is released. Potential energy stored within chemical bonds.

71
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?,

A

The sun.

72
Q

What are the laws of thermodynamics?,

A

Study of energy from one type to another.

73
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?,

A

Energy in the universe is constant, the amount doesn’t change. Energy can’t be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or transferred.

74
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?,

A

Entropy: Disorder/Randomness of molecules. Heat is energy that is lost and in an unusable form.

75
Q

What is entropy?,

A

Measure of disorder or randomness.

76
Q

Cells constantly rearrange their cellular contents. How does this relate to the laws of thermodynamics?,

A

Because the cells are transforming energy to carry out these functions, which relates to the 1st law.

77
Q

Many animals can regulate their body temperature and give off body heat. Is this an example of the 1st or the 2nd law of thermodynamics?,

A

2nd law.

78
Q

Plants can utilize photosynthesis to capture solar energy (from sunlight) to produce chemical energy (stored as glucose). Is this an example of the 1st or 2nd law of thermodynamics?,

A

1st law.

79
Q

What does ATP stand for?,

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

80
Q

What is ATP?,

A

It is the storage form of energy that powers most forms of cellular work. When the ATP molecule is split, it releases the energy.

81
Q

What are the three chemical components of ATP?,

A

Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate group.

82
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?,

A

ATP → ADP + P + Energy

83
Q

What is the equation for the synthesis of ATP?,

A

ATP ← ADP + P + Energy

84
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?,

A

Endergonic and Exergonic.

85
Q

What is an Endergonic reaction?,

A

A reaction that absorbs and stores energy. They take lower potential energy reactants and turn them into high potential energy products. There must be an INPUT of energy.

86
Q

What is an example of an endergonic reaction?,

A

Photosynthesis

87
Q

Which way does potential energy move in endergonic reactions?,

A

From low potential energy to high.

88
Q

What is an Exergonic reaction?,

A

A reaction that releases energy.

89
Q

What is an example of an exergonic reaction?,

A

Cellular resperation.

90
Q

Which way does potential energy move in exergonic reactions?,

A

From high potential energy to low.

91
Q

Is the breakdown of ATP endergonic or exergonic?,

A

Exergonic.

92
Q

Is the formation of ATP endergonic or exergonic?,

A

Endergonic.

93
Q

Explain why combustion reactions (burning) are exergonic.,

A

Because it releases heat, and it deson’t need outside energy to happen.

94
Q

Explain why photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction.,

A

Because it requires the input of sunlight to start the reactoin.

95
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolic chemical reactions?,

A

Anabolism and Catabolism.

96
Q

What is anabolism?,

A

Building up complex molecules (photosynthesis).

97
Q

What is catabolism?,

A

Breaking down complex molecules (cellular respiration).

98
Q

Which type of reaction would include dehydration synthesis?,

A

Anabolic.

99
Q

Which type of reaction would include hydrolysis?,

A

Catabolic.

100
Q

Are anabolic reactions endergonic or exergonic?,

A

Endergonic.

101
Q

Are catabolic reactions endergonic or exergonic?,

A

Exergonic.

102
Q

Give an example of an anabolic and a catabolic reaction inside a cell.,

A

Anabolic: Photosynthesis.
Catabolic: Cellular Respiration.

103
Q

What are enzymes?,

A

A catalyst for chemical reactions. They speed up the process by lowering the amount of activation energy.

104
Q

What is activation energy?,

A

It is the initial energy input of a chemical reaction. Think of it like a barrier for the start.

105
Q

What is a substrate? How does the enzyme convert the substrate into products?.

A

Substrates are the reactants. The enzyme has a space where they lock in on the active site. They bond together and the enzyme then stretches the bond to proceed in the chemical reaction. The enzyme then breaks it into products.

106
Q

Are enzymes substrate specific?,

A

Yes.

107
Q

What temperature and pH do most human enzymes function best at?,

A

98.6°F and a pH of 7.4

108
Q

Can enzymes be denatured? Why or why not?,

A

Yes, because they work in specific conditions for different enzymes.

109
Q

How would a change in temperature and pH influence enzyme function?

A

Temperature: High temperatures cause an enzyme to have a higher reaction rate until they eventually denature.
pH: Digestive enzymes can’t function in a high pH.

110
Q

Explain why cells need cell membranes

A

to help the cell keep their shape and act as a barrier from the surroundings

111
Q

What is teh composition of the plasma membrane (4)

A

Phospholipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Cholesterol.

112
Q

Define the term ‘selective permeability’

A

only certain things are allowed to pass through the membrane

113
Q

Name and describe the structure and function of the glycoproteins and glycoplipids

A

Glycoprotein: Protein + Carb, responsible for cell recognition
Glycolipid: lipid + carb, helps with stability

114
Q

what are the two types of diffusion

A

simple (passive) and facilitated

115
Q

Describe the process of diffusion including: Concentrated gradient, passive transport, and an example

A

The transport of different molecules through the membrane. Moves from high to low concentration gradient meaning it is passive and does not require energy. An example would be breathing

116
Q

Compare/Contrast Diffusion to osmoisis

A

osmosis deals with water and its movement via aquaporins while difffusion works with molecuels passage through the memebrane

117
Q

How has the highest amount of solute: Hyper, hypo, iso

A

Hyper

118
Q

What happens when a human cell is in an isotonic solution? Hyper? Hypo?

A

Iso: nothing
Hyper: shrivels
Hypo: Swells and lyses

119
Q

Difine osmoregulation

A

regulation of osmotic pressure hwich helps maintain water balance and electrolyte concentration.

120
Q

Why are transport proteins needed in the plasma membrane

A

To help molecules travel through the membrane that otherwise couldn’t such as: water, ions, amino acids, and glucose

121
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion. does it require atp?

A

channel and carirer proteins are used to facilitate the transport of material without ATP. They don’t need ATP since the proteins are in the membrane

122
Q

Describe active diffusion. does it require atp?

A

Moves substances up the concentration gradient and therefore needs atp

123
Q

When do cells use endocystosis and exocytosis

A

for bulk transport in (endo) and out (exo) of the cell

124
Q

Define Kenetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy

A

KE: Motion (Heat)
PE: Stored energy
CE: PE released

125
Q

What are the first 2 laws of thermodynamics

A

1: energy is neither created or destroyed, just reused
2: Entropy, randomness of particles and energy lost as heat

126
Q

For endogonic/exogonic reactions, how do the reactions start? do the products have more or less energy than the reactants? anabolic/catabolic examples of each

A

Energonic: absorb/store energy. Takes lower potential energy reactants and make high potential energy. anabolic (builds).photosyntensis
Exogonic: release energy, high potential energy reactants beome low potential energy products. catabolic (breakdown). cellular respiration

127
Q

Is the building of amino acids an anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

128
Q

What is atp? why is it important? what is its structure?

A

atp is the storage form of energy that powers the cell. It is made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

129
Q

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. what does this statement mean? define energy of activation

A

an enzyme is a catalyst for cemical energy, lowering the amount of energy required for a reation to take place (acttivation energy)

130
Q

How does an enzyme act as a catalyst for a reaction

A

it speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

131
Q

how can the environment affect enzyme activity?

A

if an ezyme becomes too hot/cold or is in an unfitting pH, it will denature and not work.

132
Q

what can denature enzymes

A

heat and pH change

Summer Bio Final - All Notes (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions