Chapter 7 Flashcards
Innate immunity: is this present already at birth?
yes
Components of the innate immunity are:
* first line of defense: physical and
chemical barriers of the skin and
mucous membranes
* second line of defense:
antimicrobial substances, X cells, phagocytes,
inflammation and fever
natural
killer
Adaptive immunity involves what types of lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes
(B cells).
The body system responsible
for adaptive immunity (and
some aspects of innate
immunity) is the X
system
lymphatic
After interstitial fluid passes into
lymphatic vessels, it is called X
lymph.
The major difference between
interstitial fluid and lymph is X:
* interstitial fluid is found between
cells.
* lymph is located within lymphatic
vessels and lymphatic tissue.
location
The lymphatic system has 3 primary
functions:
- Drains excess X fluid
from tissue spaces and return
it to the blood - Transport lipids and lipidsoluble vitamins (A, D, E, and
K) absorbed by the
gastrointestinal tract. - Carries out immune
responses: initiates highly
specific responses
interstitial
true/false:
red bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system
true
Lymphatic organs and tissues are
classified into 2 groups based on their
functions:
- Primary lymphatic organs: sites
where stem cells divide and
become immunocompetent
(capable of mounting an immune
response). - Secondary lymphatic organs and
tissues: sites where…
most immune
responses occur.
Primary lymphatic organs are :
1. Red bone marrow (in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults)
2. Thymus (for ….. T-cells)
pre T-cells, here in the thymus they become mature
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues include:
- Lymph nodes
- X
- Lymphatic nodules or follicles: non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue in different
locations of the body
Spleen
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
* bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
* nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)
* skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
* Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
these are all ….
Lymphatic nodules or follicles:
Its components treat all foreign invaders in much the same way.
However, they are enhanced by such exposures over time but are not specific to
a particular pathogen.
true/false
false: they are not enhanced over time
external defenses, skin:
- Low/high pH
- Desquamation (shedding of skin)
- Sweat (inhibits bacterial growth)
Low pH
Physical barriers of innate immune system:
Peristalsis: flow rate through GI tract. The greater the flow rate,…..
- Micro Villi/Cili: Aid flow of mucus/Help trap bacteria and
prevent them from getting deeper into the tissues. - Flow of body fluids (urine): of great importance in preventing
urinary tract infections - Saliva and tears: The flushing action of tears and saliva helps
prevent infection of the eyes and mouth. - Cough or sneeze: expels microorganisms and contaminated secretions
the less chance of colonization.
Chemical barriers of innate immune system:
- Enzymes
- Gastric acid
- Bile (why?)
- sweat
Bile: detergent action breaks membranes.
Internal barriers of innate immune system
- Antimicrobial substances:
- Interferon
- Complement system
- Iron-binding proteins
- Antimicrobial proteins
- …. cells
- Phagocytes
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Cytokines
Natural killer
Interferons (they INTERFERE): produced by ….-infected cells, where they diffuse to uninfected neighboring
cells, where they induce synthesis of ….. proteins that interfere with
viral replication.
virus
antiviral
Complement system:
* Is a group of normally active/inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes.
* When activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune
reactions.
inactive
Complement system: the proteins of the complement system
1. promote phagocytosis by pathogen opsonization
2. Contributes to inflammation through leukocyte activation
3. Causes cytolysis (bursting) of X
microbes
- Iron-binding proteins
- Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.
- Examples include:
- Xferrin: blood and tissue fluids
- Lactoferrin: milk, saliva, and mucus
- Ferritin: liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
- Hemoglobin: red blood cells
Trans
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs):
* Are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Examples of AMPs are:
- Dermicidin: produced by
sweat glands - Defensins and
cathelicidins: produced by
neutrophils, macrophages,
and epithelia - Thrombocidin: produced
by X
platelets
Microbes exposed to AMPs do /do not appear to develop resistance
do not (contrary to antibiotics)
When microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass
the antimicrobial substances in blood, the next nonspecific defense
consists of X cells and phagocytes.
natural killer
true/false:
NK cells attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma
membrane proteins.
true
true/false: NK cells are unimportant in the adaptive immune system
false.
NK cells express two kinds of receptors:
- inhibitory (recognize MHC antigens (major histocomp complex)
- ………. (recognize specific stress-assoc antigens)
activating
Down/Upregulation of activating ligands and
down/upregulation of MHC class I provides
a signal for NK cells to become activated
and display effector functions.
upregulation of ligands, downregulation of MHC class 1
The binding of NK cells to a target cell causes the release of granules containing toxic
substances from NK cells:
- Perforin: inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell and creates channels
(perforations) in the membrane. As a result, extracellular fluid flows into the target cell
and the cell … - Granzymes: are proteindigesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo
apoptosis, or self-destruction.
bursts (cytolysis).
The type of attack of NK cells kills infected
cells, but not the microbes inside
the cells
true/false
true
The two major types of phagocytes are
X and macrophages.
neutrophils
Phagocytosis occurs in five phases. Put them in the right order
- Ingestion
- Chemotaxis
- Digestion
- Adherence
- Killing
3
1
4
2
5
Chemotaxis: What happens in response to a chemical stimulus?
movement of an organism
Inflammation is an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, to prevent their spread to other tissues, and to
prepare the site for ….
tissue repair
There are certain signs-symptoms associated with inflammation: PRISH
pain
redness
immobility
swelling
heat
- The inflammatory response has three
basic stages:
- Vasodilation and increased
permeability of blood vessels - Emigration (movement) of X
from the blood into interstitial fluid.
Diapedesis is the outward passage of
blood cells (especially white blood
cells) through intact vessel walls - Tissue repair
phagocytes
Elevated body temperature:
1. intensifies the effects of
interferons
2. inhibits the growth of
some microbes
3. does what to body reactions
that aid repair?
speeds up
Cytokines are a large, diverse family of small soluble proteins or glycoproteins
which mediate interactions between cells in order to mount and coordinate an
effective immune response. They are active only in the innate cell response
true/false
false: they also drive the
adaptive immune response.
The two principal producers of cytokines are helper T cells (Th cells)
and X
macrophages,
cytokines:
Receptor engagement triggers intracellular signalling cascades leading to
altered gene expression in the target cell, which lead to a biological effect:
differentiation, X, and activation of the target cell.
proliferation
Cytokines can be:
- X-inflammatory cytokines: are produced predominantly by activated
macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory
reactions (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). - X-inflammatory cytokines: series of immunoregulatory molecules that
control the pro-inflammatory cytokine response (IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13).
pro and anti
