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Human physiology Spain > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity: is this present already at birth?

A

yes

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2
Q

Components of the innate immunity are:
* first line of defense: physical and
chemical barriers of the skin and
mucous membranes
* second line of defense:
antimicrobial substances, X cells, phagocytes,
inflammation and fever

A

natural
killer

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity involves what types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes
(B cells).

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4
Q

The body system responsible
for adaptive immunity (and
some aspects of innate
immunity) is the X
system

A

lymphatic

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5
Q

After interstitial fluid passes into
lymphatic vessels, it is called X

A

lymph.

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6
Q

The major difference between
interstitial fluid and lymph is X:
* interstitial fluid is found between
cells.
* lymph is located within lymphatic
vessels and lymphatic tissue.

A

location

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7
Q

The lymphatic system has 3 primary
functions:

  1. Drains excess X fluid
    from tissue spaces and return
    it to the blood
  2. Transport lipids and lipidsoluble vitamins (A, D, E, and
    K) absorbed by the
    gastrointestinal tract.
  3. Carries out immune
    responses: initiates highly
    specific responses
A

interstitial

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8
Q

true/false:

red bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system

A

true

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9
Q

Lymphatic organs and tissues are
classified into 2 groups based on their
functions:

  1. Primary lymphatic organs: sites
    where stem cells divide and
    become immunocompetent
    (capable of mounting an immune
    response).
  2. Secondary lymphatic organs and
    tissues: sites where…
A

most immune
responses occur.

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10
Q

Primary lymphatic organs are :
1. Red bone marrow (in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults)
2. Thymus (for ….. T-cells)

A

pre T-cells, here in the thymus they become mature

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11
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues include:

  1. Lymph nodes
  2. X
  3. Lymphatic nodules or follicles: non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue in different
    locations of the body
A

Spleen

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12
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
* bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
* nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)
* skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
* Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

these are all ….

A

Lymphatic nodules or follicles:

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13
Q

Its components treat all foreign invaders in much the same way.
However, they are enhanced by such exposures over time but are not specific to
a particular pathogen.

true/false

A

false: they are not enhanced over time

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14
Q

external defenses, skin:

  • Low/high pH
  • Desquamation (shedding of skin)
  • Sweat (inhibits bacterial growth)
A

Low pH

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15
Q

Physical barriers of innate immune system:

Peristalsis: flow rate through GI tract. The greater the flow rate,…..

  • Micro Villi/Cili: Aid flow of mucus/Help trap bacteria and
    prevent them from getting deeper into the tissues.
  • Flow of body fluids (urine): of great importance in preventing
    urinary tract infections
  • Saliva and tears: The flushing action of tears and saliva helps
    prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.
  • Cough or sneeze: expels microorganisms and contaminated secretions
A

the less chance of colonization.

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16
Q

Chemical barriers of innate immune system:

  • Enzymes
  • Gastric acid
  • Bile (why?)
  • sweat
A

Bile: detergent action breaks membranes.

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17
Q

Internal barriers of innate immune system

  1. Antimicrobial substances:
  2. Interferon
  3. Complement system
  4. Iron-binding proteins
  5. Antimicrobial proteins
  6. …. cells
  7. Phagocytes
  8. Inflammation
  9. Fever
  10. Cytokines
A

Natural killer

18
Q

Interferons (they INTERFERE): produced by ….-infected cells, where they diffuse to uninfected neighboring
cells, where they induce synthesis of ….. proteins that interfere with
viral replication.

A

virus
antiviral

19
Q

Complement system:
* Is a group of normally active/inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes.
* When activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune
reactions.

A

inactive

20
Q

Complement system: the proteins of the complement system
1. promote phagocytosis by pathogen opsonization
2. Contributes to inflammation through leukocyte activation
3. Causes cytolysis (bursting) of X

A

microbes

21
Q
  1. Iron-binding proteins
  • Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.
  • Examples include:
  • Xferrin: blood and tissue fluids
  • Lactoferrin: milk, saliva, and mucus
  • Ferritin: liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
  • Hemoglobin: red blood cells
A

Trans

22
Q

Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs):
* Are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Examples of AMPs are:

  • Dermicidin: produced by
    sweat glands
  • Defensins and
    cathelicidins: produced by
    neutrophils, macrophages,
    and epithelia
  • Thrombocidin: produced
    by X
A

platelets

23
Q

Microbes exposed to AMPs do /do not appear to develop resistance

A

do not (contrary to antibiotics)

24
Q

When microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass
the antimicrobial substances in blood, the next nonspecific defense
consists of X cells and phagocytes.

A

natural killer

25
Q

true/false:

NK cells attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma
membrane proteins.

A

true

26
Q

true/false: NK cells are unimportant in the adaptive immune system

A

false.

27
Q

NK cells express two kinds of receptors:

  1. inhibitory (recognize MHC antigens (major histocomp complex)
  2. ………. (recognize specific stress-assoc antigens)
A

activating

28
Q

Down/Upregulation of activating ligands and
down/upregulation of MHC class I provides
a signal for NK cells to become activated
and display effector functions.

A

upregulation of ligands, downregulation of MHC class 1

29
Q

The binding of NK cells to a target cell causes the release of granules containing toxic
substances from NK cells:

  • Perforin: inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell and creates channels
    (perforations) in the membrane. As a result, extracellular fluid flows into the target cell
    and the cell …
  • Granzymes: are proteindigesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo
    apoptosis, or self-destruction.
A

bursts (cytolysis).

30
Q

The type of attack of NK cells kills infected
cells, but not the microbes inside
the cells

true/false

A

true

31
Q

The two major types of phagocytes are
X and macrophages.

A

neutrophils

32
Q

Phagocytosis occurs in five phases. Put them in the right order

  1. Ingestion
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Digestion
  4. Adherence
  5. Killing
A

3
1
4
2
5

33
Q

Chemotaxis: What happens in response to a chemical stimulus?

A

movement of an organism

34
Q

Inflammation is an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, to prevent their spread to other tissues, and to
prepare the site for ….

A

tissue repair

35
Q

There are certain signs-symptoms associated with inflammation: PRISH

A

pain
redness
immobility
swelling
heat

36
Q
  • The inflammatory response has three
    basic stages:
  1. Vasodilation and increased
    permeability of blood vessels
  2. Emigration (movement) of X
    from the blood into interstitial fluid.
    Diapedesis is the outward passage of
    blood cells (especially white blood
    cells) through intact vessel walls
  3. Tissue repair
A

phagocytes

37
Q

Elevated body temperature:
1. intensifies the effects of
interferons
2. inhibits the growth of
some microbes
3. does what to body reactions
that aid repair?

A

speeds up

38
Q

Cytokines are a large, diverse family of small soluble proteins or glycoproteins
which mediate interactions between cells in order to mount and coordinate an
effective immune response. They are active only in the innate cell response

true/false

A

false: they also drive the
adaptive immune response.

39
Q

The two principal producers of cytokines are helper T cells (Th cells)
and X

A

macrophages,

40
Q

cytokines:
Receptor engagement triggers intracellular signalling cascades leading to
altered gene expression in the target cell, which lead to a biological effect:
differentiation, X, and activation of the target cell.

A

proliferation

41
Q

Cytokines can be:

  • X-inflammatory cytokines: are produced predominantly by activated
    macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory
    reactions (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α).
  • X-inflammatory cytokines: series of immunoregulatory molecules that
    control the pro-inflammatory cytokine response (IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13).
A

pro and anti

42
Q
A

Human physiology Spain (23 decks)

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