Chapter 10: urinary system

Question 1

functions of urinary system:

-removes wastes from the blood
- helps regulate blood composition
- pH, volume, and pressure;
- maintains blood osmolarity
- and produces X

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

The urinary system consists of:

1. Two Kidneys: regulate blood
   volume and composition, produce
   hormones and excrete wastes.
2. Two X: transport urine from
   kidneys to urinary bladder.
3. One urinary bladder: stores urine
   and expels it into urethra.
4. One urethra: discharges urine
   from body.

Answer 2

ureters

Question 3

Functions of the kidneys include the following:
1. Excretion of wastes
2. Regulation of blood ionic composition
3. Regulation of blood pH
4. Regulation of blood volume
5. Regulation of blood pressure (renin)
6. Maintenance of blood X
7. Production of hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin)
8. Regulation of blood glucose level

Answer 3

osmolarity

Question 4

What wastes do the kidneys excrete?

• …. wastes:
• urea and ammonia from the deamination of amino acids
• creatinine from the breakdown of creatine phosphate
• uric acid from the catabolism of nucleic acids
• urobilin from the breakdown of hemoglobin
• Other wastes: drugs and environmental toxins

Answer 4

Nitrogenous

Question 5

Kidneys:

Regulation of blood pressure. The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure by
secreting the enzyme X, which activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone
pathway. Increased X causes an increase in blood pressure.

Answer 5

renin

Question 6

The kidneys seperately regulate loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine

true/false

Answer 6

true (that way they maintain blood osmolarity)

Question 7

Kidneys;

Production of hormones. The kidneys produce two hormones: X, the active
form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and erythropoietin stimulates
the production of X.

Answer 7

calcitriol
red blood cells

Question 8

Renal medulla: deep, darker reddish-brown inner region. It consists of several
cone-shaped renal …..

Answer 8

pyramids

Question 9

Together, the renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla constitute the
parenchyma or functional portion of the kidney.

• Within the parenchyma are the functional units of the kidney—about 1 million
  microscopic structures called X
• Filtrate (filtered fluid) formed by the nephrons drains into large X ducts, which
  extend through the renal papillae of the pyramids.

Answer 9

nephrons
papillary

Question 10

The papillary ducts drain into cuplike structures: X and X calyces. A X calyx
receives filtrate from the papillary ducts of one renal papilla and delivers it to a X
calyx. Once the filtrate enters the calyces it becomes urine because no further
reabsorption can occur.

• From the major calyces, urine drains into a single large cavity (renal pelvis) and then out
  through the ureter to the urinary bladder.

Answer 10

minor and major
minor
major

Question 11

Although the kidneys constitute less than 0.5% of total body mass, they receive 20–25%
of the resting cardiac output via the right and left X arteries.

Answer 11

renal

Question 12

Finally, each nephron receives one e/afferent arteriole, which divides into a tangled, ballshaped capillary network called the X or glomerular capillaries.

• The glomerular capillaries then reunite to form the a/efferent arteriole that carries blood
  out of the glomerulus.

Answer 12

afferent
glomerulus
efferent

Question 13

Glomerular capillaries are unique among capillaries in the body because they are
positioned between two arterioles, rather than between an arteriole and a venule.
* Efferent arterioles divide to form the X capillaries.

Answer 13

peritubular

Question 14

The peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form X radiate veins, which also
receive blood from the vasa recta.

• Veins reunite and the blood finally leaves the kidney through a single X vein that
  exits at the renal hilum and carries venous blood to the inferior vena cava

Answer 14

cortica
renal

Question 15

Each nephron consists of two parts:

1. Renal X: where blood plasma is filtered. It is composed by:

• Glomerulus: capillary network.
• Bowman’s capsule or glomerular capsule: a
  double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the
  glomerular capillaries

2. Renal X: into which the
   filtered fluid (glomerular
   filtrate) passes.

Answer 15

corpuscle
tubule

Question 16

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule consists of two layers:

1. Visceral layer: modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes. The many
   footlike projections of these cells (pedicels) wrap around the single layer of
   endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and form the inner wall of the capsule.
2. Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium and forms the outer wall of the capsule.

• Fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries enters the X space, the space between
  the two layers of the glomerular capsule, which is continuous with the lumen of the renal
  tubule.

Answer 16

capsular

Question 17

The renal tubule has three main sections:

1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Nephron loop (loop of X)
   * Descending limb
   * Ascending limb
3. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 17

Henle

Question 18

In each nephron, the final part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop
makes contact with the afferent arteriole serving that renal corpuscle.
* The columnar tubule cells in this region are: the macula X

Answer 18

densa.

Question 19

Alongside the macula densa, the wall of the afferent arteriole (and
sometimes the efferent arteriole) contains modified X muscle
fibers: juxtaglomerular cells.

Answer 19

smooth

Question 20

• Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells constitute the juxtaglomerular
  X (helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys).

Answer 20

apparatus

Question 21

To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes:

1. Glomerular filtration.
2. Tubular X.
3. Tubular secretion.
   * By filtering, reabsorbing, and secreting, nephrons help maintain homeostasis of
   the blood’s volume and composition.

Answer 21

reabsorption

Question 22

Together, the glomerular capillaries and the
podocytes, form a leaky barrier known as the
filtration X: permits filtration of
water and small solutes but prevents filtration
of most plasma proteins and blood cells.

Answer 22

membrane

Question 23

Substances filtered from the blood cross three
filtration barriers:

basement membrane (acellular)
glomerular endothelial cell
podocyte

put in right order

Answer 23

1. First barrier: glomerular endothelial cell
2. Second barrier: basement membrane
3. Third barrier: podocyte

Question 24

Located among the glomerular capillaries and in the cleft between afferent and
efferent arterioles are mesangial cells (contractile) cells: what do they do?

Answer 24

help regulate glomerular filtration?

Question 25

The slit membrane is part of the …. (1st, 2nd or 3rd) barrier

Answer 25

3rd

Extending from each podocyte are thousands of footlike processes termed pedicels
that wrap around glomerular capillaries. The spaces between pedicels are the
filtration slits. A thin membrane, the slit membrane, extends across each filtration
slit; it permits the passage of small molecules: water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids,
very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea, and ions. Albumin (the most plentiful
plasma protein) is too big to get through.

Question 26

What is the glucose concentration of the primary urine?(= after going through the glomerulus)

Answer 26

blood glucose

Question 27

• What is the sodium concentration of primary urine?

Answer 27

Blood concentration

Question 28

What is the amino acid concentration of primary urine?

Answer 28

blood concentratino

Question 29

How many red blood cells does primary urine have?

Answer 29

zeero

Question 30

What is the albumin concentration of the primary urine?

Answer 30

zero

Question 31

In conclusion: the primary urine is an ultrafiltrate of the plasma, that is to say… :
a protein-free plasma!

Answer 31

ok

Question 32

the volume of fluid filtered by the renal corpuscle is much larger than in
other blood capillaries of the body for 3 reasons:

1. large surface area for filtration (cappilaries are long and extensive)
2. The filtration membrane is ….. (large fenestrations)
3. Glomerular capillary BP is low/high

Answer 32

thin and porous
high