Chapter 6A Flashcards
Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid
extracellular matrix.
- The extracellular matrix is called blood …., and it suspends various cells
and cell fragments. - Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed
by the blood
plasma
Oxygen: blood -> interstitual fluid -> body cells
CO2 and other waste: other way around
ok
Blood has three general functions:
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
(explain)
- O2 and CO2, nutrients, hormones..
- blood helps maintain homeostasis (pH, body temp, osmotic pressure)
- Clotting (prevent excess blood loss), white blood cells etc
Whole blood has two components:
Blood plasma (=?)
and Formed elements (=?)
blood plasma: watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Formed elements (45%): cells and cell fragments.
Of the formed elements: 99% is rbc, the rest is WBC and platelets
true/false
true
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by …. is called the hematocrit
RBC’s
The hematocrit is different for women vs men
true/false
true
blood plasma: water + most of the solutes in blood plasma are …
protein
Of the plasma proteins, we can distinguish three types:
- Globulins
- Albumins
3, Fibrinogen
Put them in descending order of occurence in %
- Albumins (54%)
- Globulins (38%)
- Fibrinogen (7%)
What other solutes in plasma are there, besides proteins?
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- enzymes
- hormones
- gases
- urea
- uric acid
- creatinine
- ammonia
- bilirubin
There are several types of WBC:
- neutrophils
- ….phils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- …..cytes
baso
lympho
Lymphocytes are further devided into:
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* Natural killer (…) cells
B
T
NK
The process by which the blood plasma of blood develop is called
hematopoiesis.
true/false
false: formed
elements
In adults, the …
becomes the primary site of
hemopoiesis
red bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells are also called …..blasts
hemocytoblasts
true/false:
Stem cells in red bone marrow reproduce themselves, proliferate, and differentiate
true
In order to form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce
two further types of stem cells:
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
what do they do?
myeloid: give rise to rbc, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells..
Lymphoid: give rise to lymphocytes + NK cells
Basophiles: have IgE on their surface which, on binding to …, brings about
degranulation resulting in local inflammation, allergic reactions.
antigen
Eosinophiles: control of parasitic infections, involved in ….response.
allergic
Neutrophiles: phagocytic cell.
ok
Monocytes: when move into the tissues, become m……
macrophages
Dendritic cells: involved in …. presentation. Mostly located in peripheral
tissues exposed to the external environment (skin, lungs and intestine) and
in lymphoid tissues.
antigen
erythrocytes: what type of cells do we mean?
RBC
Plasma membrane is both strong and flexible: allows them
to deform without rupturing as they squeeze through
narrow blood capillaries.
* Glycolipids in the plasma membrane of RBCs are antigens
that account for the various blood groups such as the ABO
and Rh groups.
ok
Pigment heme is bound to each of the four …. of hemoglobin
chains
At the center of each heme ring is … that can combine reversibly with
one oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to bind four oxygen
molecules.
iron ion (Fe2+)
RBC functions:
- O2 transportation from lungs to
tissues - CO2 transportation from tissues to
lungs - Regulation of … and blood
pressure - Blood … regulation (Hb …)
blood flow
pH, acts as a
buffer
Oxygen and hemoglobin bind in an easily reversible reaction to form
….
oxyhemoglobin
The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is the
….. (PO2): the higher the PO2, the more O2 combines with Hb.
oxygen partial pressure
The hemoglobin dissociation curve shows
the relationship between ….
and PO2
Hb saturation
- Decreased acidity (decrease in H+ concentration = increase in pH)
- Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- Decreased temperature
- Decreased erythrocyte concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): a
substance found in red blood cells
What do these factors do?
They increase the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (The hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left)
carbaminohemoglobin = ?
Hemoglobin that transports CO2
The gaseous hormone nitric oxide (NO), binds reversibly to hemoglobin
(nitrosylhemoglobin).
Under some circumstances (hypoxia), hemoglobin releases NO
Released NO relaxes
smooth muscle in the
vessel wall causing
…
vasodilation. -> improves blood flow + enhances oxygen delivery
pH of systemic arterial
blood should be between …..
7.35 and 7.45
Erythropoiesis is the production of RBCs.
* It starts in the red bone marrow with proerythroblast, which is a….
a precursor cell
Ultimately, a proerythroblast near the end of the development sequence
becomes a reticulocyte when it..
ejects its nucleus
Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.
true/false
TRUE
Reticulocytes pass from red bone marrow into the bloodstream by squeezing between plasma
membranes of adjacent endothelial cells of skin tissue.
true/false
blood capillaries, so false
Red blood cells live only about 150 days
true/false
false, 120 days
If the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
falls because erythropoiesis is not keeping
up with RBC destruction, a ….
feedback system steps up RBC production.
negative
The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is
… (oxygen deficiency at the tissue
level).
hypoxia
Whatever the cause, hypoxia stimulates the
kidneys to step up the release of
erythropoietin (…), which speeds the
development of proerythroblasts into
reticulocytes in the red bone marrow
EPO
The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens
composed of glycoX and glycoX.
proteins
lipids
What are agglutinogens?
antigens on surfaces of erythrocytes
Two major blood groups: ABO and
….
Rh
The ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B.
* People with only antigen A have type A blood
* People with only antigen B have type B blood
* People with both, antigen A and B, have type … blood
* People with neither antigen A nor B have type …. blood
AB
O
Blood plasma usually contains large IgM-type antibodies (agglutinins) that react with the A
or B antigens if the two are mixed:
* anti-A antibody, which reacts with antigen A
* anti-B antibody, which reacts with antigen B.
ok
In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the
antigens on the donated RBCs, which causes agglutination (= ….) of the RBCs.
clumping
see table 19.6 for summary of blood group interactions
k
- If an Rh− person receives an Rh+ blood transfusion, however, the immune system starts to
make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the blood.
What happens if a person receives Rh+ blood the second time?
If a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is given later, the previously formed anti-Rh
antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood, and a
severe reaction may occur
