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Human physiology Spain > Chapter 6A > Flashcards

Chapter 6A Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid
extracellular matrix.

  • The extracellular matrix is called blood …., and it suspends various cells
    and cell fragments.
  • Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed
    by the blood
A

plasma

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2
Q

Oxygen: blood -> interstitual fluid -> body cells
CO2 and other waste: other way around

A

ok

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3
Q

Blood has three general functions:

  1. transportation
  2. regulation
  3. protection

(explain)

A
  1. O2 and CO2, nutrients, hormones..
  2. blood helps maintain homeostasis (pH, body temp, osmotic pressure)
  3. Clotting (prevent excess blood loss), white blood cells etc
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4
Q

Whole blood has two components:

Blood plasma (=?)
and Formed elements (=?)

A

blood plasma: watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Formed elements (45%): cells and cell fragments.

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5
Q

Of the formed elements: 99% is rbc, the rest is WBC and platelets

true/false

A

true

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6
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by …. is called the hematocrit

A

RBC’s

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7
Q

The hematocrit is different for women vs men

true/false

A

true

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8
Q

blood plasma: water + most of the solutes in blood plasma are …

A

protein

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9
Q

Of the plasma proteins, we can distinguish three types:

  1. Globulins
  2. Albumins
    3, Fibrinogen

Put them in descending order of occurence in %

A
  1. Albumins (54%)
  2. Globulins (38%)
  3. Fibrinogen (7%)
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10
Q

What other solutes in plasma are there, besides proteins?

A
  • electrolytes
  • nutrients
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • gases
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
  • ammonia
  • bilirubin
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11
Q

There are several types of WBC:

  1. neutrophils
  2. ….phils
  3. eosinophils
  4. monocytes
  5. …..cytes
A

baso
lympho

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12
Q

Lymphocytes are further devided into:
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* …. lymphocytes (.. cells)
* Natural killer (…) cells

A

B
T
NK

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13
Q

The process by which the blood plasma of blood develop is called
hematopoiesis.

true/false

A

false: formed
elements

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14
Q

In adults, the …
becomes the primary site of
hemopoiesis

A

red bone marrow

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15
Q

pluripotent stem cells are also called …..blasts

A

hemocytoblasts

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16
Q

true/false:

Stem cells in red bone marrow reproduce themselves, proliferate, and differentiate

A

true

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17
Q

In order to form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce
two further types of stem cells:

Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells

what do they do?

A

myeloid: give rise to rbc, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells..

Lymphoid: give rise to lymphocytes + NK cells

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18
Q

Basophiles: have IgE on their surface which, on binding to …, brings about
degranulation resulting in local inflammation, allergic reactions.

A

antigen

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19
Q

Eosinophiles: control of parasitic infections, involved in ….response.

A

allergic

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20
Q

Neutrophiles: phagocytic cell.

A

ok

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21
Q

Monocytes: when move into the tissues, become m……

A

macrophages

22
Q

Dendritic cells: involved in …. presentation. Mostly located in peripheral
tissues exposed to the external environment (skin, lungs and intestine) and
in lymphoid tissues.

A

antigen

23
Q

erythrocytes: what type of cells do we mean?

A

RBC

24
Q

Plasma membrane is both strong and flexible: allows them
to deform without rupturing as they squeeze through
narrow blood capillaries.
* Glycolipids in the plasma membrane of RBCs are antigens
that account for the various blood groups such as the ABO
and Rh groups.

A

ok

25
Q

Pigment heme is bound to each of the four …. of hemoglobin

A

chains

26
Q

At the center of each heme ring is … that can combine reversibly with
one oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to bind four oxygen
molecules.

A

iron ion (Fe2+)

27
Q

RBC functions:

  1. O2 transportation from lungs to
    tissues
  2. CO2 transportation from tissues to
    lungs
  3. Regulation of … and blood
    pressure
  4. Blood … regulation (Hb …)
A

blood flow
pH, acts as a
buffer

28
Q

Oxygen and hemoglobin bind in an easily reversible reaction to form
….

A

oxyhemoglobin

29
Q

The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is the
….. (PO2): the higher the PO2, the more O2 combines with Hb.

A

oxygen partial pressure

30
Q

The hemoglobin dissociation curve shows
the relationship between ….
and PO2

A

Hb saturation

31
Q
  • Decreased acidity (decrease in H+ concentration = increase in pH)
  • Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  • Decreased temperature
  • Decreased erythrocyte concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): a
    substance found in red blood cells

What do these factors do?

A

They increase the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (The hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left)

32
Q

carbaminohemoglobin = ?

A

Hemoglobin that transports CO2

33
Q

The gaseous hormone nitric oxide (NO), binds reversibly to hemoglobin
(nitrosylhemoglobin).

Under some circumstances (hypoxia), hemoglobin releases NO

Released NO relaxes
smooth muscle in the
vessel wall causing
…

A

vasodilation. -> improves blood flow + enhances oxygen delivery

34
Q

pH of systemic arterial
blood should be between …..

A

7.35 and 7.45

35
Q

Erythropoiesis is the production of RBCs.
* It starts in the red bone marrow with proerythroblast, which is a….

A

a precursor cell

36
Q

Ultimately, a proerythroblast near the end of the development sequence
becomes a reticulocyte when it..

A

ejects its nucleus

37
Q

Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.

true/false

A

TRUE

38
Q

Reticulocytes pass from red bone marrow into the bloodstream by squeezing between plasma
membranes of adjacent endothelial cells of skin tissue.

true/false

A

blood capillaries, so false

39
Q

Red blood cells live only about 150 days
true/false

A

false, 120 days

40
Q

If the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
falls because erythropoiesis is not keeping
up with RBC destruction, a ….
feedback system steps up RBC production.

A

negative

41
Q

The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is
… (oxygen deficiency at the tissue
level).

A

hypoxia

42
Q

Whatever the cause, hypoxia stimulates the
kidneys to step up the release of
erythropoietin (…), which speeds the
development of proerythroblasts into
reticulocytes in the red bone marrow

A

EPO

43
Q

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens
composed of glycoX and glycoX.

A

proteins
lipids

44
Q

What are agglutinogens?

A

antigens on surfaces of erythrocytes

45
Q

Two major blood groups: ABO and
….

A

Rh

46
Q

The ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B.
* People with only antigen A have type A blood
* People with only antigen B have type B blood
* People with both, antigen A and B, have type … blood
* People with neither antigen A nor B have type …. blood

A

AB
O

47
Q

Blood plasma usually contains large IgM-type antibodies (agglutinins) that react with the A
or B antigens if the two are mixed:
* anti-A antibody, which reacts with antigen A
* anti-B antibody, which reacts with antigen B.

A

ok

48
Q

In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the
antigens on the donated RBCs, which causes agglutination (= ….) of the RBCs.

A

clumping

49
Q

see table 19.6 for summary of blood group interactions

A

k

50
Q
  • If an Rh− person receives an Rh+ blood transfusion, however, the immune system starts to
    make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the blood.
    What happens if a person receives Rh+ blood the second time?
A

If a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is given later, the previously formed anti-Rh
antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood, and a
severe reaction may occur

51
Q
A

Human physiology Spain (23 decks)

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