Chapter 1

Question 1

What are 4 steps in intracellular signalling?

Answer 1

1. Reception of the
   extracellular signal(s)
2. Binding of the signal(s)
   to the receptor(s) -> often receptor protein
3. Intracellular pathway
4. Effector molecules

Question 2

Effector proteins can..

Answer 2

open ion channel, alter metabolism, alter gene expression, cell shape or movement

Question 3

Four categories of tissues?

Answer 3

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous

Question 4

Epithelial tissue: attached to each other through ….., cells that cover exterior
surfaces of the body, lines
internal cavities and
passageways, and forms
certain glands

Answer 4

cell-cell adh

Question 5

Connective tissue binds
the x and x of
the body together and
functions in the
protection, support,
and integration of all
parts of the body.

Answer 5

cells and organs

Question 6

Connective tissue:
x (rich in fibrous polymers, specially collagen) is plentiful and
cells are sparsely distributed within it. Direct attachments between cells are rare, but cells have important attachments to
x

Answer 6

Extracellular matrix

Question 7

Muscle tissue is
excitable, responding to
stimulation and
contracting to provide
movement, and occurs
as three major types:

Answer 7

skeletal (voluntary)
muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle (in
the heart).

Question 8

• Nervous tissue is also
  excitable, allowing the
  propagation of
  electrochemical signals
  in the form of x that
  communicate between
  different regions of the
  body.

Answer 8

nerve
impulses

Question 9

Integumentary system: what is it and what is it important for

Answer 9

The skin and its various appendages, including
the hair, nails, glands, and other structures

Functions:

protection, temperature regulation, sensory interface

Question 10

The body’s internal environment
is the environment in which cells are
found and is thus defined as the
fluid inside the body, but outside of
x

Linings of the x,
x, and x
systems are continuous
with the external
environment.

Answer 10

cells

respiratory
digestive
urinary

Question 11

Extracellular fluid: all cells live in this envirnoment. transported in x, contains x and x

Answer 11

blood
nutrients
ions

Question 12

Differences EF and IF?

Answer 12

EF: sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions
IC: potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions

Question 13

Most often, what two systems provide corrections to obtain homeostasis? Through..

Answer 13

endocrine system (hormones)
Nervous system (nerve impulses)
Through feedback systems

Question 14

Feedback system contains 3 components:

Answer 14

1. receptor (monitor changes)
2. control center (sets values within which should be maintained, evaluates input, generates output)
3. effector (receives output signal, produces response)

Question 15

Positive feedback system difference to negative one?

Answer 15

Positive: strengthens a change, is less frequency used

Question 16

If the homeostatic imbalance is moderate, a x or x may occur; if it is
severe, death may result

Answer 16

disorder or disease

Question 17

what is a normal process that declines the body’s ability to restore homeostasis?

Answer 17

ageing