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Human physiology Spain > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human body is composed of how many cells?

A

between 10^12 – 10^16
(trillions)

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2
Q

Mention differences between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

Prok: <5 microm, Euk: >10microm
Prok: always unicellular
Euk: often multicell
Prok: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Euk: nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Prok: DNA circular without proteins
Euk: DNA linear and associated with proteins
Prok: 70S, euk: 80S
PRok: no cytoskeleton, euk: always
Prok: flagellin, euk: tubullin

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3
Q

Arguments for endosymbiosis?

A
  • own DNA
    -produce many proteins and
    enzymes
  • own double membrane
  • reproduce like bacteria
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4
Q

Cytoplasm vs cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm: Contents of the cell that are contained within its plasma
membrane, excluding the nucleus.
Cytosol: part of the cytoplasm that is not held by any of the organelles in the
cell.

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5
Q

Cytosol: homogenous mixture of..

A

Water (main component)
* Structural material
* Enzymes
* Macromolecules
* Metabolites
* Coenzymes
* Free nucleotides
* Metabolic effectors
* Inorganic ions and others

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5
Q

They represent half of the
overall cellular volume.

A

Organelles

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6
Q

The majority of the metabolism in eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells occurs in…

A

Aqueous departments:
Cytosol (prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
* Nucleoplasm (eukaryotic cells).
* Interiors of cytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles
(eukaryotic cells).

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7
Q

What organelles are there in a typical eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Endosome
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Peroxisome

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8
Q

Function ER~?

A
  • helps process molecules created by the cell.
  • transports these molecules to their
    specific destinations (in- or outside)
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9
Q

Golgi apparatus: function?

A

packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.

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10
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes: function?

A
  • digest foreign bacteria
  • rid toxic substances
  • recycle worn-out cell components.
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11
Q

Ribosomes: where?

A

float freely or connected to ER

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton (not an organelle): function?

A
  • Determines cell shape,
  • Participates in cell division,
  • Allows cells to move.
  • Provides a track-like system that directs the
    movement of organelles and other substances
    within cells.
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13
Q

Cell-environment relationship is essential for..

A

Cell proliferation, differentation, interactions, movement

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14
Q

In In cartilage and bone, fibroblasts are called

A

chondroblasts and osteoblasts respectively.

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15
Q

Cell that produces components or EM locally:

A

fibroblasts

15
Q

Extracellular matrix (EM) is…

A

intricate network of fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin etc) and
polysaccharides that surround, support, and give structure to cells and
tissues in the body.

16
Q

Where can we find the EM?

A
  • Basement membrane (basal lamina)
  • Epithelia, endothelia, muscle, fat, nerves
  • Elastic fibers
  • Skin, lung, large blood vessels
  • Stromal or interstitial matrix
  • Bone, tooth, and cartilage
  • Tendon and ligament
17
Q

Functions of the EM?

A
  • structural support, maintain cell organization
  • Compartmentalize tissues
  • Provide hardness to bone and teeth
  • Present information to adjacent cells:
  • Facilitate cell migration during:
    – Development
    – Normal tissue maintenance
    – Injury
    – Disease
18
Q

What are the four functional groups of types of Junctions?

A
  • ANCHOR JOINTS
  • occlusive joints
  • CHANNELFORMING JOINTS
  • signal transmitting joints
19
Q

Anchoring joints:
cell-cell or cell-matrix?
function?

A

both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions
- transmit stresses
- tethered to cytoskeletal filaments

20
Q

Occluding junctions:
cell-cell or cell-matrix?
function?

A

Cell-cell
Seal gaps between cells: impermeable (or selective) barrier

21
Q

Channel-forming junctions

A

Create passageways (cell-cell?)

22
Q

Signal-relaying junctions

A

Allow signals to go from cell to cell

23
Q

Four forms of intercellular signaling:

A
  1. Contact-depending signal
  2. Paracrine/autocrine
  3. Synaptic
  4. Endocrine
24
Q

Contact-dependent signaling: requires.. when is it important?

A
  • Requires cells to be in direct membrane-membrane contact.
  • It is especially important during development and in immune responses
25
Q

What allows neighbouring cells to signal?

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

26
Q

Paracrine signaling: what is it? What other form?

A

local mediators released into the extracellular
space and act on neighboring cells.

Other form: autocrine (cancer cells)

27
Q

Synaptic signaling: what is it?

A

neurons: releasing neurons at synapses through electric signalling

28
Q

Endocrine signalling: what is it?

A

Endocrine cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream, carried far & wide

Human physiology Spain (23 decks)

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