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Human physiology Spain > Chapter 3C > Flashcards

Chapter 3C Flashcards

1
Q

Most signals that stimulate muscles to
contract and glands to secrete originate in
the X

A

CNS

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2
Q

Nervous tissue of the CNS is protected by 3 layers:

A
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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3
Q

PNS consists of ALL nervous tissue outside the CNS.

True/false?

A

True

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4
Q

A nerve is a bundle of …… to ….. of X plus associated X and X that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

A

hundreds to thousands
x axons
connective
tissue and blood vessels

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5
Q

X pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and X pairs of spinal nerves
emerge from the spinal cord

A

X 12
X 31

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6
Q

Components of the PNS include nerves and X

A

x sensory receptors

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7
Q

The term sensory receptor refers to a structure of the nervous system that monitors
x

A

changes in the external or internal environment.

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8
Q

Examples of sensory receptors include X in the skin, X in
the eye, and x in the nose.

A

touch receptors
photoreceptors
olfactory (smell) receptors

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9
Q

The PNS is divided into X and X divisions

A

sensory
motor

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10
Q

The sensory or afferent division of the PNS conveys input from/into the PNS/CNS from
….. in the body

A

into the
CNS
sensory receptors

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11
Q

This division (Sensory) provides the CNS with sensory
information about the X senses
(tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive
sensations) and X senses (smell,
taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium).

A

somatic = tactile, thermal, pain,..

special = smell, taste, vision, hearing..

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12
Q

The A or B division of the PNS conveys output from the CNS to effectors
(muscles and glands).

A

A motor
B efferent

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13
Q

The motor or efferent division is further subdivided into…

A
  1. somatic nervous system
  2. autonomic nervous
    system
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14
Q

somatic nervous system
conveys output from the CNS/PNS
to skeletal muscles/sensory output/CNS only

A

CNS -> skeletal muscles

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15
Q

which of these is voluntarily controlled: autonomic/somatic NS

A

somatic NS

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16
Q

The X nervous
system conveys output from
the CNS to X muscle,
X muscle, and glands

A

autonomic
X smooth
X cardiac

17
Q

The AutonomicNS is comprised of two main branches, the X nervous system and
the X nervous system.

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

18
Q

AutonomicNS:

With a few exceptions, effectors receive innervation from both of these branches
(dual innervation), and usually the two branches have opposing actions:

A

sympathetic= fight or flight responses (increase heartrate)
parasympathetic = “rest-and-digest” (decrease heart rate)

19
Q

What is a third branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

enteric nervous system (GI tract)

20
Q

True/false:

Although the enteric nervous system can function independently, it communicates
with and is regulated by the other branches of the autonomic nervous system.

A

true

21
Q

what are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory function (internal/external: blood pressure/a rain drop)
Integrative function (process sensory info and make decisions)
Motor function (once it is intergrated, appropriate motor response)

22
Q

Sensory impulses that reach the A may serve as input for spinal reflexes,
such as the stretch reflex.
* Sensory impulses that reach the B elicit more complex reflexes,
such as changes in heart rate or breathing rate.
* When sensory impulses reach the C, we become consciously
aware of the sensory stimuli and can precisely locate and identify specific
sensations such as touch, pain, hearing, or taste.

cerebral cortex
spinal cord
lower brainstem

put in right order queeen

A

A spinal cord
B lower brainstem
C cerebral cortex

23
Q

Perception is the conscious interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of
the spinal cord

true/false

A

false: cerebral cortex

24
Q

True/false:
Each unique type of sensation is called a sensory modality.

A

true

25
Q

True/false
A given sensory neuron carries information for only two sensory modalities.

A

false: only one

26
Q

The different sensory modalities can be grouped into two classes: X senses
and X senses.

A

general
special

27
Q

The general senses refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses. What are they?

A

Somatic = tactile sensations (touch), thermal sensations (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive
sensations (knowing your limbs)

Visceral senses: provide information about conditions within internal organs

28
Q

Sensory receptors are non-selective: a given sensory receptor does not only responds vigorously to one
particular kind of stimulus, but also responds to others.

true/false

A

False:

Sensory receptors are selective: a given sensory receptor responds vigorously to one
particular kind of stimulus and responds weakly or not at all to others.

29
Q

For a sensation to arise, the following four events typically occur:

Integration of sensory input.
Stimulation of the sensory receptor.
Generation of nerve impulses.
Transduction of the stimulus.

put them in the right order.

A

For a sensation to arise, the following four events typically occur:
1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor.
2. Transduction of the stimulus.
3. Generation of nerve impulses.
4. Integration of sensory input.

30
Q

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS are called
X neurons.

A

firstorder

31
Q

Several structural and functional characteristics of sensory receptors can be
used to group them into different classes:

A
  1. Structure
  2. Location of the receptors and the origin of stimuli that activate them
  3. Type of stimulus detected
32
Q

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING STRUCTURE

A
  1. Free nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons.
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons.
  3. Separate cells that synapse with first-order sensory neurons.
33
Q

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING LOCATION

A

Exteroceptors: provide information about the
external environment
Interoceptors or visceroceptors: monitor conditions in the internal environment
Proprioceptors: provide information about body position

34
Q

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: ACCORDING TYPE OF STIMULUS
(name 3)

A

Mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, etc)
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors (pain)
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Osmoreceptors

35
Q

Because of adaptation, the perception of a sensation may fade or disappear even though
the stimulus persists.

true/false

A

true

36
Q

The sensory receptors for somatic sensations are distributed unevenly: some
parts of the body surface are densely populated with receptors, and others
contain only a few

true/false

A

true

37
Q

There are four modalities of somatic sensation:

TTPP

A

tactile, thermal, pain, and
proprioceptive.

Human physiology Spain (23 decks)

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