Chapter 7 Flashcards
this system serves to connect all tissues of the body together
Cardiovascular system
the cardiovascular system serves to connect all tissues of the body together
purpose of the cardiovascular system
There are three components of the cardiovascular system, what are they?
Blood, Vasculature, heart
This component contains multiple types of cells, cellular products, and plasma ECM what is it?
Blood
*Chemical nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules
blood
This includes all of the blood vessels in the body
vasculature
*This serves to direct blood from the heart to tissues, and from the tissues back to the heart
*arteries, arterioles, capillaries
*venules, veins, Vena Cava
Vasculature
*multiple tissue layers involved
*endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissues, and innervation
vasculature
________ flows through the entire ______________ tree and heart in a specific direction/order
- blood
- vascular
intrinsic control of muscle contraction (heart beat)
autorhythmic
provides pressure force to push blood volume through the entire vascular tree
heart
epithelial lining cardiovascular system
endocardium/endothelium
cardiac muscle cells
myocardium
serous membrane
pericardium
this side supplies the pulmonary circuit
right side
this side supplies the body
left side
upper half of the heart
atrium
lower half of the heart
ventricle
*between the atrium and ventricle
*attached to chordae tendinea and papillary muscles
atrioventricular valve
between ventricle and vessel carrying blood out of the heart
semilunar valve
*pulmonary trunk carries 02 poor blood toward lungs
*aorta carries 02 rich blood toward tissues
superior
apex, bottom “point”
inferior
these take blood away from the heart
arteries
these take blood to the heart
veins
Step of the Cardiac Cycle (blood flow)
- Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- On to lungs
- Back to the left atrium
- left ventricle and then out to the body through the aorta
Steps of the Cardiac Cycle (muscle movement)
A. Diastole
B. Atrial Systole
B. Ventricular Systole
this node sends electrical signals to the atria
sinoatrial node
this node sends signal down septum in bundle, branches across ventricles
Atrioventricular
contraction is due to cellular what?
depolarization
relaxation is due to cell what?
repolarization
SA node fires, causing atrial cell depolarization
P-wave
created by the simultaneous depolarization of ventricular cells
QRS Complex
Ventricular cells relax and repolarize, marking the return to diastole
T-wave
from atrial depolarization to ventricular depolarization
P-R Interval
total time of ventricular contraction and relaxation
Q-T interval
modulate the baseline rate to meet the immediate demands of the body
extrinsic controls
this center can override the intrinsic heartbeat, increasing or decreasing the rate as necessary
medulla oblongata
beats per minute
pulse
liters per minute from each ventricle
cardiac output
order of how blood moves through the body
- Artery
- arteriole
- capillary bed
- venule
- vein
these carry blood away from the heart; they also consist of three layers: outer, middle, and inner. What is it?
arteries
this carries blood away from the heart; it has two layers: smooth muscle and endothelium. What is it?
arteriole
this helps to regulate blood pressure; it dilates and constricts
arteriole
blood flows through these very slowly to allow time for exchange of nutrients and wastes
Capillary
Through this vessels porous walls happens the diffusion of fluids and solutes across
Capillary
Only some capillary beds are open at a certain time and this helps maintain that
precapillary sphincter
function somewhat like arterioles (no diffusion)
venules
has a large diameter and low-resistance transports blood back to the heart.
Veins
This has three layers
*outer layer of connective tissue
*middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
*inner layer of endothelium
Veins
Valves are also a part of this vessel and they act as a blood reservoir
veins
this monitors the resting blood pressure
medulla
this is a form of dilation
vasodilation
this is a form of constriction
vasoconstriction
this keeps blood pressure within normal limits in the face of sudden changes
Baroreceptor reflex
where are baroreceptors found?
the carotid arteries in the neck, and in the arch of the aorta
This is to and from the lungs; exchange of CO2 for O2 in the lungs
Pulmonary Circuit
to body’s tissues; bring this O2 to tissues; carries CO2 and waste away from tissues
Systematic Circuit
Carries O2 rich blood to the small intestine
Mesenteric artery
What is a portal vein?
Connect two separate capillary beds - digestive bed to liver bed
back to the heart (inferior vena cava)
Hepatic Vein
Hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, embolism, stroke, varicose veins
Most Common Cardiovascular diseases
The “silent killer” – often without symptoms
120/80 or below
Hypertension
Leaky capillaries
Internal bruising
Stroke
Chronic Hypertension
Dietary restrictions – reduce SUGAR!!!!
Moderate exercise
Reducing smoking and drinking
Medications
Control of hypertension
Hardening and Thickening of arteries due to chronic hypertension
Atherosclerosis
block lumen and reduce blood flow
plaque accumulation
clot blocks blood flow
Thrombosis
clot dislodged floats into other organ and blocks blood flow
Embolism
embolism in brain
stroke
blocks part of brain from receiving O2 and nutrients; must act F.A.S.T.
Stroke
*Sudden difficulty speaking, blindness in one eye, and numbness and/or weakness, usually on one side of the body
*Stroke can also cause aphasia (loss of speech), loss of fine motor control, paralysis, or even death
Symptoms of a stroke
This occurs when a vessel wall “balloons” under pressure
Aneurysm
An embolism or aneurysm in the brain can cause a ?
Stroke
Lack of O2 to cardiac muscle
Coronary artery blockage
Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attack
Main difference from heart attack is that this is the result of narrowed coronary arteries
Pain resulting from temporary loss of oxygen to heart
Angina
occurs upon strenuous activity
can be treated by reducing activity and/or quitting smoking
stable angina
occurs without apparent stimulus
an early warning of impending heart attack
unstable angina
*Fatigue
*Difficulty breathing
*Tachycardia (rapid heart rate – above 100 beats per minute)
*accommodation
*Pulmonary edema
*Death due to fluid build-up in the lungs
Symptoms of Congestive heart failure
allowing fluid to back up and leak into the lungs
causing pulmonary edema
weak and ineffective pump (heart failure)
leaky valves and week walls cause expansion
distension of venous walls near valves
involve venules not veins
surface venules fill with blood but do not empty
spider veins
Distensions of venous walls near valves
spider veins
Varicose veins
abnormal heart rhythms
Arrythmias
low heart rate
bradycardia
high heart rate
tachycardia
disorganize contraction
ventricular
recording of the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle
ECG or electrocardiogram
