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BMS 110 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

*DNA (in nucleus) to mRNA (moves from nucleus to cytoplasm) to protein (in cytoplasm)
*DNA -> RNA -> Protein

A

flow of information
central dogma

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2
Q

Made of Nucleic acids

A

DNA

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3
Q

Nucleotides make what?

A

Nucleic Acids

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4
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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5
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA

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6
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

A

DNA

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7
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

A

RNA

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8
Q

Purine (A&G) and Pyrimidine (T&C)

A

Two Forms of Nucleotides in DNA

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9
Q

2 hydrogen bonds

A

A-T

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10
Q

3 hydrogen bonds

A

G-C

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11
Q

is arranged in a double helix

A

DNA nucleotides

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12
Q

Double Helix discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

dictates sequences on one strand

A

complementary base pairing

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14
Q

these can line up in any order on a strand

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

5’- G C A C C A A T A - 3’
3’- C G T G G T T A T - 5’

A

complementary base pairing

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16
Q

nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule that codes for a specific polypeptide chain

A

Gene

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17
Q

Genes consist of two strands, what are they?

A

coding and template

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18
Q

carry information for making proteins in our body

A

DNA

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19
Q

information for making proteins is organized into localized regions along DNA molecule called what?

A

genes

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20
Q

Each ______ has information for making a protein or RNA

A

gene

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21
Q

Each ____ molecule has many genes

A

DNA

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22
Q

There are about how many genes in the human body?

A

~ 23,000

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23
Q

These areas may have some other function; some areas of DNA do not have instructions for making RNA or Protein and are not

A

genes

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24
Q

DNA molecules are called what when dividing?

A

chromosomes

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25
Q

have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 chromosomes in total

A

Human Cells

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26
Q

process of copying DNA prior to cell division

A

DNA replication

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27
Q

this and other proteins unwind DNA Molecule

A

Helicase

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28
Q

catalyzing the reaction that puts monomers together, making polymers

A

polymerase

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29
Q

use one molecule of DNA as a template

A

semiconservative replication

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30
Q

DNA repair is carried out by _____________ and other _______

A

DNA Polymerase and enzymes

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31
Q

small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

Gene Mutation

32
Q

Specific nucleotides for _______, which are hydrogen molecules bonded together

A

base pairs

33
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

34
Q

These processes convert DNA information into proteins

A

transcription and translation

35
Q

gene serves as a template for RNA synthesis, occurs in the nucleus using RNA polymerase

A

transcription

36
Q

joins nucleotides together until termination sequence is reached; begins at promoter region

A

RNA Polymerase

37
Q

sequences for the proteins

A

exons

38
Q

Pre-mRNA contains what?

A

Introns and Exons

39
Q

Each cell determines which genes are …?

A

active or inactive

40
Q

*speed up or halt transcription
*may bind with noncoding DNA sequences and affect the transcription of a neighboring gene

A

regulatory proteins

41
Q

helps to fight inflammation; works with the immune system

A

Glucocorticoid

42
Q

When a gene is not active –> no ______ is being made

A

RNA

43
Q

carries DNA gene information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm or rER

A

mRNA

44
Q

Three bases on mRNA, they are decoded three at a time

A

codon

45
Q

AUG

A

start codon

46
Q

what does a start codon do?

A

establishes the reading frame for translation

47
Q

Codons that do not connect with other codons

A

stop codons

48
Q

delivers the “right” amino acid to the correct location along the mRNA/ribosome complex (decodes mRNA)

A

tRNA

49
Q

component of catalytically active ribosome enzyme

A

rRNA

50
Q

these are adapters between amino acids and the codons in mRNA molecules

A

tRNAs

51
Q

anticodon of _____ base pairs w/ codon of ________.

A

tRNA; mRNA

52
Q

amino acid is covalently attached to this end of the tRNA

A

3’

53
Q

*two subunits are built in the nucleus from rRNA and proteins
*shipped to the cytoplasm
*combine into _______ during translation

A

ribosomes

54
Q

What is a ribosome made of?

A

RNA and Proteins

55
Q

have a free amino group, free carboxyl group, and a side group

A

Amino acids

56
Q

polypeptide is a long chain of?

A

amino acids

57
Q

amino acids are joined by

A

peptide bonds

58
Q

this group of one amino acid is covalently attached to the amino group of the next amino acid

A

carboxyl group

59
Q

*AUG binds w/ the small ribosome unit
*large ribosome subunit binds to the initiation complex
*initiator tRNA w/AUG attached binds to mRNA codon

A

Initiation

60
Q

Peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids

A

Elongation

61
Q

detachment of the new polypeptide; stop codon

A

Termination

62
Q

Where do new polypeptide chains go?

A

some stay in the cytoplasm
others modified in the ER to be sent out of the cell

63
Q

cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA at the same time

A

Polysomes

64
Q

This binds to the AUG initiation codon

A

methionine

65
Q

Translation usually begins here

A

first AUG

66
Q

small ribosomal subunit from here

A

5’ terminus of mRNA

67
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA entry site
incoming tRNA binding site

A

A site

68
Q

peptidyl-tRNA site
holds the growing peptide chain

A

P site

69
Q

exit site of tRNA

A

E site

70
Q

polypeptide chain termination occurs when?

A

a chain-termination (stop) codon enters the A site of ribosome

71
Q

what molecule is added to the carboxyl terminus of the nascent peptide causing termination?

A

water molecule

72
Q

DNA polymerases and other enzymes repair replication mistakes

A

DNA repair

73
Q

a change in the sequence of a Gene’s nucleotides

A

mutation

74
Q

an incorrect nucleotide is paired with an exposed base during DNA replication; may be repaired; if not one amino acid may replace another during translation

A

Base Pair Substitution

75
Q

a base is lost; could alter the reading frame

A

Deletion

76
Q

Single-base pair insertion; alters the reading frame

A

insertion

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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