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BMS 110 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

very long DNA molecule in association with protein

A

chromosome

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2
Q

segment of DNA in a chromosome

A

Gene

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3
Q

DNA and protein combined

A

chromatin

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do humans get from each parent; for a total of how many?

A

23;46

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5
Q

(2n) two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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6
Q

chromosome pairs 1-22

A

autosomes

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7
Q

Female sex chromosome

A

XX

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8
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

XY

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9
Q

paired corresponding chromosomes

A

homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

genetic and phenotypic characteristics

A

sex

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11
Q

shared genetic background

A

ancestry

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12
Q

produces a new generation of cells

A

reproduction

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13
Q

*Division of Somatic cells
*maintains diploid chromosome number

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

Purpose of Mitosis

A

growth, replace worn out or dead cells, repair tissue

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15
Q

*Division of germ cells
*Halve the diploid number to haploid

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

The purpose of Meiosis

A

first stage in sexual reprodcution

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17
Q

“lifetime” of a somatic cell

A

Cell Cycle

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18
Q

*3/4 of the cell cycle
*involves G1, S, G2

A

Interphase

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19
Q

What does G1, S, and G2 stand for in Interphase?

A

G1: cell growth
S: DNA chromosomes are copied through replication
G2: preparation for mitosis

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20
Q

1/4 of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

four phases; chromosomes are sorted into two sets

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

cytoplasm divides

A

cytokinesis

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23
Q

chromosome and its copy

A

sister chromatids

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24
Q

region of attachment to the microtubule

A

centromere

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25
Q

Once coiling is completed a chromosome has it typical ______ & _________.

A

size & shape

26
Q

What are the four stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

27
Q

*Coiling and condensing of the chromosome
*microtubules form into spindle formation
*nuclear membrane begins breaking up
*Microtubules move centrioles to the opposite poles

28
Q

*Nuclear membrane breaks apart
*microtubules penetrate nuclear region
*microtubules interact w/ chromosomes at centromere

A

prometaphase

29
Q

Duplicated chromosomes align midway between the poles of the cell

30
Q

These attach to chromosomes and move them?

31
Q

*sister chromatids split; become independent chromosomes
*pulled by microtubules toward the pole region
*spindle elongates, pushing the poles farther apart

32
Q

*chromosomes no longer connected to the spindle
*chromosomes begin to decondense - again form chromatin
*nuclear envelope forms around each cluster

33
Q

*begins toward end of anaphase
*cleavage furrow forms

A

Cytokinesis

34
Q

*microfilaments (actin) pull the plasma membrane inward all around the cell
*pinches the cell in two

A

cleavage furrow

35
Q

What do males contribute during sexual reproduction and what do females contribute?

A

Male = sperm
Female = egg

36
Q

combines a sperm and an egg to produce the first cell of the new individual (Zygote)

A

fertilization

37
Q

In meiosis the parent cell of the nucleus divides how many times?

38
Q

How meiosis divide the nuclei of germ cells in a way that halves the number of chromosomes in daughter cells; reduces the number to haploid number

A

Reductional Division

39
Q

In meiosis what step cause the germ cell to copy its DNA

A

Interphase

40
Q

two consecutive divisions of the chromosomes

41
Q

homologues pair up and then seperate

42
Q

Sister chromatids split; four haploid cells formed

A

Meiosis II

43
Q

*Chromosomes condense
*each chromosome has two sister chromatids
*crossing over occurs

A

Prophase I

44
Q

*Homologous chromosomes move to central plane in pairs
*spindle fibers attach to centromere
*nuclear envelope fragments

A

Late Prophase to Prometaphase

45
Q

These are not genetically identical

A

Daughter Cells

46
Q

Paired chromosomes are oriented toward opposite poles

A

Metaphase I

47
Q

Chromosome disjunction
Independent assortment

A

Anaphase I

48
Q

separation of paired chromosomes

A

chromosome disjunction

49
Q

separated homologues move toward opposite poles

A

independent assortment

50
Q

*reduced chromosomes to 23 in each nucleus
*daughter cells separated by membranes
*chromosomes reach the poles; nuclei forms

A

Telophase I

51
Q

*chromosomes attach to a new spindle apparatus
*sister chromatids are attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles

A

Prophase II

52
Q

chromosomes align at equatorial plane

A

Metaphase II

53
Q

*centromeres split
*chromatid disjunction - sister chromatids move toward opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

54
Q

*each chromatid is now called a chromosome
*separated chromatids gather at poles; daughter nuclei (each one contains a haploid set of chromosomes) form

A

Telophase II

55
Q

homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at random during what phase?

A

Metaphase I

56
Q

disjunction and independent assortment happen when?

A

Anaphase I

57
Q

*consists chromatids break at same places along their length
*exchange corresponding segments

A

Crossing Over

58
Q

genes may have different chemical forms

A

Genetic recombination

59
Q

Where does Mitosis occur?

A

Somatic Cells

60
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

germ cells

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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