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BMS 110 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pure Substance, composed of atoms, basic raw material of everything

A

element

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2
Q

What elements mostly make up organisms?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen

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3
Q

smallest unit that has properties of a given element, made up of subatomic particles

A

Atom

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4
Q

Is in the center of an atom, is the atomic number of the atom

A

proton

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5
Q

has no charge, is in the center of an atom

A

neutron

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6
Q

located in energy shells around the nucleus of an atom

A

electron

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7
Q

Mass Number - Atomic Number

A

Gives you the number of neutrons in an atom

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8
Q

Varying form of an atom, different number of neutrons

A

Isotope

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9
Q

simplest atom, consists of a single electron in one shell

A

Hydrogen

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10
Q

Shells around a nucleus equivalent to energy levels

A

Orbital

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11
Q

outermost orbital, basis for chemical bonds that form molecules

A

valance shell

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12
Q

When is an atom most stable? What can provide stability?

A

When its outermost shell is filled. Chemical Bonds

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13
Q

Atoms with no vacancies in outer shell, usually do not take part in chemical reactions

A

Inert atoms

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14
Q

Combination of two or more elements. Require chemical bonds. Proportions never vary

A

Compound

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15
Q

Two or more kinds of molecules ‘mingle’. does not require formation of a bond. proportions may be different

A

Mixture

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16
Q

joins atoms with opposite electrical charges

A

Ionic Bond

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17
Q

atoms share electrons. strong and stable.

A

Covalent bond

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18
Q

two atoms pull equally on electrons. no charge at the two ends

A

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

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19
Q

do not pull equally on electrons. One with most protons pulls more

A

polar covalent bond

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20
Q

weak link formed between a covalently bonded ______ atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

A

Hydrogen Bond

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21
Q

Water is what type of covalent bond? Polar molecules are attracted to what?

A

Polar, water

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22
Q

Water helps to stabilize what in cells? What produces heat inside cells?

A

temperature, chemical reactions

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23
Q

What causes heat loss?

A

Evaporation

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24
Q

Ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in it, what is the solvent?

A

Water

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25
Q

This substance is dissolved in a solvent, what is it?

A

solute

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26
Q

These constantly add and remove substances from body fluids. The body must manage these changes.

A

Chemical reactions

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27
Q

measures the relative concentration of H+ in fluids

A

pH scale

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28
Q

donates protons/hydrogen ion (as H+)

A

Acid

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29
Q

accepts H+

A

Base

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30
Q

Compounds that release ions other than H+ and OH- in solutions

A

Salts

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31
Q

Substances that compensate for pH changes. Can either donate or accept a hydrogen ion.

32
Q

Buffer system failure disrupts this

A

Homeostasis

33
Q

Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.

A

Organic compounds

34
Q

What affects chemical behavior?

A

Functional groups

35
Q

Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic compounds

36
Q

Water is a byproduct. Two molecules covalently bond into a larger one

A

Condensation Reactions, Anabolic Reactions

37
Q

Water as a substrate. Molecule splits into two smaller ones

A

Hydrolysis Reactions, Catabolic

38
Q

speed reactions

39
Q

built of three or more subunits or monomers

40
Q

What are the Four categories of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

41
Q

Monosaccharides

A

carbohydrates

42
Q

Glycerol + free fatty acids

A

Lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids)

43
Q

Amino acids

44
Q

Nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

45
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

short chains of sugar units

46
Q

Simple sugars

A

simplest carbohydrates

47
Q

Polysaccharides

A

sugar chains that store energy

48
Q

Saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Types of lipids

49
Q

Uses of lipids in cells

A

store energy, signaling molecules, structural materials, phospholipids build cell membranes

50
Q

Components of membranes. precursors of steroid hormones and other vital molecules

51
Q

Unique structure allows phospholipids to form what when placed in water?

52
Q

Amino acids are linked with what?

A

peptide bonds

53
Q

sequence of what determines protein’s primary structure?

A

amino acids

54
Q

Protein may have more than one _______________________ ? Disrupting a protein’s shape prevents it from what?

A

polypeptide chain, functioning normally

55
Q

This is built from 20 amino acids

56
Q

what has four groups attached to it?

A

Carbon atom

57
Q

What four groups are attached to the carbon atom?

A

Hydrogen atom, Amino group, Carboxyl group, Radical group

58
Q

What determines the activity of the amino acid?

A

The R group

59
Q

what results in the loss of protein function?

A

Denaturation

60
Q

Final shape of a protein can be what?

A

globular or fibrous

61
Q

proteins that are round and usually water-soluble

62
Q

proteins are stringy, tough, and usually insoluble in water

63
Q

Specific nucleotide involved in chemical reactions in cells

64
Q

composed of one sugar, at least one phosphate, and one nitrogen containing base

A

Nucleotide

65
Q

DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

66
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

67
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in RNA

A

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)

68
Q

RNA acts as a ____________ molecule both inside and outside the nucleus

69
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxyribose sugar, double stranded

70
Q

Ribonucleic acid, Ribose sugar, single stranded

71
Q

In muscles and liver

72
Q

packed into specialized storage cells called adipocytes

A

triglycerides

73
Q

Our energy storage system provides two type of storage, what are they?

A

Long term and short term

74
Q

____________ energy storage uses a high-energy system that is reversible and instantly available

A

Short term

75
Q

most common storage system

76
Q

Powers all cellular activity, from forming proteins to contracting muscles

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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