Chapter 2

Question 1

Pure Substance, composed of atoms, basic raw material of everything

Answer 1

element

Question 2

What elements mostly make up organisms?

Answer 2

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen

Question 3

smallest unit that has properties of a given element, made up of subatomic particles

Answer 3

Atom

Question 4

Is in the center of an atom, is the atomic number of the atom

Answer 4

proton

Question 5

has no charge, is in the center of an atom

Answer 5

neutron

Question 6

located in energy shells around the nucleus of an atom

Answer 6

electron

Question 7

Mass Number - Atomic Number

Answer 7

Gives you the number of neutrons in an atom

Question 8

Varying form of an atom, different number of neutrons

Answer 8

Isotope

Question 9

simplest atom, consists of a single electron in one shell

Answer 9

Hydrogen

Question 10

Shells around a nucleus equivalent to energy levels

Answer 10

Orbital

Question 11

outermost orbital, basis for chemical bonds that form molecules

Answer 11

valance shell

Question 12

When is an atom most stable? What can provide stability?

Answer 12

When its outermost shell is filled. Chemical Bonds

Question 13

Atoms with no vacancies in outer shell, usually do not take part in chemical reactions

Answer 13

Inert atoms

Question 14

Combination of two or more elements. Require chemical bonds. Proportions never vary

Answer 14

Compound

Question 15

Two or more kinds of molecules ‘mingle’. does not require formation of a bond. proportions may be different

Answer 15

Mixture

Question 16

joins atoms with opposite electrical charges

Answer 16

Ionic Bond

Question 17

atoms share electrons. strong and stable.

Answer 17

Covalent bond

Question 18

two atoms pull equally on electrons. no charge at the two ends

Answer 18

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

Question 19

do not pull equally on electrons. One with most protons pulls more

Answer 19

polar covalent bond

Question 20

weak link formed between a covalently bonded ______ atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

Answer 20

Hydrogen Bond

Question 21

Water is what type of covalent bond? Polar molecules are attracted to what?

Answer 21

Polar, water

Question 22

Water helps to stabilize what in cells? What produces heat inside cells?

Answer 22

temperature, chemical reactions

Question 23

What causes heat loss?

Answer 23

Evaporation

Question 24

Ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in it, what is the solvent?

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

This substance is dissolved in a solvent, what is it?

Answer 25

solute

Question 26

These constantly add and remove substances from body fluids. The body must manage these changes.

Answer 26

Chemical reactions

Question 27

measures the relative concentration of H+ in fluids

Answer 27

pH scale

Question 28

donates protons/hydrogen ion (as H+)

Answer 28

Acid

Question 29

accepts H+

Answer 29

Base

Question 30

Compounds that release ions other than H+ and OH- in solutions

Answer 30

Salts

Question 31

Substances that compensate for pH changes. Can either donate or accept a hydrogen ion.

Answer 31

Buffers

Question 32

Buffer system failure disrupts this

Answer 32

Homeostasis

Question 33

Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.

Answer 33

Organic compounds

Question 34

What affects chemical behavior?

Answer 34

Functional groups

Question 35

Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Answer 35

Inorganic compounds

Question 36

Water is a byproduct. Two molecules covalently bond into a larger one

Answer 36

Condensation Reactions, Anabolic Reactions

Question 37

Water as a substrate. Molecule splits into two smaller ones

Answer 37

Hydrolysis Reactions, Catabolic

Question 38

speed reactions

Answer 38

Enzymes

Question 39

built of three or more subunits or monomers

Answer 39

Polymer

Question 40

What are the Four categories of organic compounds?

Answer 40

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 41

Monosaccharides

Answer 41

carbohydrates

Question 42

Glycerol + free fatty acids

Answer 42

Lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids)

Question 43

Amino acids

Answer 43

proteins

Question 44

Nucleotides

Answer 44

nucleic acids

Question 45

Oligosaccharides

Answer 45

short chains of sugar units

Question 46

Simple sugars

Answer 46

simplest carbohydrates

Question 47

Polysaccharides

Answer 47

sugar chains that store energy

Question 48

Saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 48

Types of lipids

Question 49

Uses of lipids in cells

Answer 49

store energy, signaling molecules, structural materials, phospholipids build cell membranes

Question 50

Components of membranes. precursors of steroid hormones and other vital molecules

Answer 50

Sterols

Question 51

Unique structure allows phospholipids to form what when placed in water?

Answer 51

Bilayers

Question 52

Amino acids are linked with what?

Answer 52

peptide bonds

Question 53

sequence of what determines protein's primary structure?

Answer 53

amino acids

Question 54

Protein may have more than one _______________________ ? Disrupting a protein's shape prevents it from what?

Answer 54

polypeptide chain, functioning normally

Question 55

This is built from 20 amino acids

Answer 55

proteins

Question 56

what has four groups attached to it?

Answer 56

Carbon atom

Question 57

What four groups are attached to the carbon atom?

Answer 57

Hydrogen atom, Amino group, Carboxyl group, Radical group

Question 58

What determines the activity of the amino acid?

Answer 58

The R group

Question 59

what results in the loss of protein function?

Answer 59

Denaturation

Question 60

Final shape of a protein can be what?

Answer 60

globular or fibrous

Question 61

proteins that are round and usually water-soluble

Answer 61

Globular

Question 62

proteins are stringy, tough, and usually insoluble in water

Answer 62

fibrous

Question 63

Specific nucleotide involved in chemical reactions in cells

Answer 63

ATP

Question 64

composed of one sugar, at least one phosphate, and one nitrogen containing base

Answer 64

Nucleotide

Question 65

DNA and RNA

Answer 65

nucleic acids

Question 66

Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

Answer 66

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

Question 67

Nitrogenous bases found in RNA

Answer 67

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)

Question 68

RNA acts as a ____________ molecule both inside and outside the nucleus

Answer 68

messenger

Question 69

Deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxyribose sugar, double stranded

Answer 69

DNA

Question 70

Ribonucleic acid, Ribose sugar, single stranded

Answer 70

RNA

Question 71

In muscles and liver

Answer 71

glycogen

Question 72

packed into specialized storage cells called adipocytes

Answer 72

triglycerides

Question 73

Our energy storage system provides two type of storage, what are they?

Answer 73

Long term and short term

Question 74

____________ energy storage uses a high-energy system that is reversible and instantly available

Answer 74

Short term

Question 75

most common storage system

Answer 75

ATP

Question 76

Powers all cellular activity, from forming proteins to contracting muscles

Answer 76

ATP