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BMS 110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life
  2. Every organism is composed of one or more cells
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
  4. Cells contain hereditary material, passed to daughter cells during cell division.
  5. The metabolic processes associated with life occur within the cell
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2
Q

What are the Two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Bacteria, DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus, few if no organelles

A

prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

protozoa, plants, animals; nucleus, organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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5
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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6
Q

What are the three ways all cells are alike?

A

Plasma membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Outer covering of all cells, composed of lipids and proteins, encloses cell, controls movement of substances in and out, selectively permeable

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

Contains cell’s genetic instructions, nucleus (eukaryotes) nucleoid (prokaryotes)

A

DNA

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9
Q

region between the plasma membrane and the DNA, filled with organelles, contains cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

composed of two layers and interspersed with proteins, lipids, cholesterol, and sugars

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

polar, hydrophilic

A

phospholipid heads

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12
Q

non-polar, hydrophobic, sandwiched in the center of the bilayer

A

Phospholipid tails

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13
Q

dissolved molecule or ion moves down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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14
Q

does not require energy

A

passive transport

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15
Q

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients

A

Osmosis

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16
Q

lower solute concentration outside cell than inside cell. Water moves into cell, swelling it and causing it to pop (lyse)

A

hypotonic solution

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17
Q

higher solute concentration outside cell than inside cell. Water moves out of cell causing it to shrink/shrivel

A

Hypertonic solution

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18
Q

same solute concentration inside and outside cell. Water movement in and out of cell is balance.

A

isotonic solution

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19
Q

help solutes cross membranes, specific to a solute, provide a channel

A

transporter proteins

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20
Q

also called facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport

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21
Q

cell uses energy to move solutes against concentration gradients

A

active transport

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22
Q

ribosomes and centrioles (have no membranes)

A

structures

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23
Q

signal travels far away from cell that made it

A

endocrine system

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24
Q

signal travels to nearby or cells next to it

A

Paracrine system

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25
cell releases molecule that acts on cell that made it
Autocrine system
26
pore in the membrane which allows for a movement in a favorable direction
ion channel
27
small molecule that binds to outside and opens it up
Ligan-Gated Channel
28
sensitive to changes in the membrane (certain amount of pressure allows it to open up)
Mechanically-Gated Channel
29
always going to allow ions through, as long as they are going down the concentration gradient
Always-Open Channel
30
inside plasma membrane has a different charge that outside, works when membrane potential goes down from -70 mV
Voltage-Gated Channel
31
contains DNA in eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
32
construction site for making parts of ribosomes
nucleolus
33
DNA is organized in these
chromosomes
34
DNA and proteins associated with it
chromatin
35
a little bit more densely pack, less likely to have genes
heterochromatin
36
little bit more loosely packed, more likely to have genes
euchromatin
37
double stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information
chromosome
38
flattened channel, may be rough or smooth,
Endoplasmic Reticulum
39
platform for building cell proteins, small non membrane-bound structures
Ribosome
40
proteins synthesized by the ribosomes on its outer membrane
Rough ER
41
synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones, has no attached ribosomes
Smooth ER
42
move synthesized proteins and lipids to the Golgi complex for further packaging
Transport Vesicles
43
enzymes inside finish the proteins and lipids, package completed molecules in vesicles for shipment to specific locations
Functions of Golgi Body
44
chemically digest substances, contain hydrolytic enzymes
lysosome
45
break down vesicles contents
hydrolytic enzymes
46
bacteria are routinely destroyed in the body by lysosomal activity
Phagocytosed
47
used to bring in or expel larger molecules or particles
vesicles
48
Cell eating, organic matter enters the cell through endocystosis
Phagocytosis
49
a vesicle brings substances in bulk into the cell
Endocytosis
50
a vesicle ejects substances in bulk from the cell
Exocytosis
51
system of interconnected fibers, threads, and lattices in the cytosol; gives cells shape, organization, and ability to move
cytoskeleton
52
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Components of the Cytoskeleton
53
Long filaments constructed of actin protein submits, highly dynamic, responsible for cellular locomotion and muscle contractions, establish the basic shape and strength of the cell
Microfilaments
54
Strong cables of protein subunits, protein type depends on type of intermediate filament, stronger than microfilaments - protect cells from mechanical stresses
Intermediate Filaments
55
long tiny tubules made of tubulin protein subunits, are instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division, also used as tracks for organelle movement
Microtubules
56
Nine pairs of microtubules ring a central pair, spokes and links provide structure
Flagella
57
shorter than flagella, respiratory tract: capture dust & debris
Cilia
58
Require oxygen, produce carbon dioxide, produce ATP through Cellular Respiration; two phospholipid bilayers
Mitochondria
59
chemical reactions in cells (fueled by ATP, some release energy and some require it), cells must constantly renew ATP supply
Metabolism
60
any substance that takes part in a metabolic reaction
Reactant
61
Substance formed between beginning and end of metabolic pathway
Intermediate
62
substance present at the end of a reaction or pathway
product
63
essential part of metabolic reactions, most are proteins, body controls the activities of this
Enzymes
64
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
How Cells Make ATP
65
Formation of ATP from the breakdown of macromolecules, electron removed in process, Usually Aerobic in complex organisms
Cellular Respiration
66
Breakdown of glucose molecules, Does not require oxygen, input of 2 ATP, Final product of 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH
Glycolysis
67
Pyruvate + Coenzyme A yields acetyl-CoA, Requires oxygen, happens in mitochondria; final product 2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8NADH, 2 FADH 2
Citric Acid Cycle
68
NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane, H+ gradient formed between the membranes, Formation of large amount of ATP by ATP Synthase
Electron Transport System
69
Final Total of ATP from one glucose molecule
36 ATP
70
Supply raw materials for making ATP
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
71
ATP forming mechanism that occurs during sudden, strenuous exercise, converts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid
Lactate Fermentation

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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