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BMS 110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life
  2. Every organism is composed of one or more cells
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
  4. Cells contain hereditary material, passed to daughter cells during cell division.
  5. The metabolic processes associated with life occur within the cell
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2
Q

What are the Two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Bacteria, DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus, few if no organelles

A

prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

protozoa, plants, animals; nucleus, organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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5
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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6
Q

What are the three ways all cells are alike?

A

Plasma membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Outer covering of all cells, composed of lipids and proteins, encloses cell, controls movement of substances in and out, selectively permeable

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

Contains cell’s genetic instructions, nucleus (eukaryotes) nucleoid (prokaryotes)

A

DNA

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9
Q

region between the plasma membrane and the DNA, filled with organelles, contains cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

composed of two layers and interspersed with proteins, lipids, cholesterol, and sugars

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

polar, hydrophilic

A

phospholipid heads

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12
Q

non-polar, hydrophobic, sandwiched in the center of the bilayer

A

Phospholipid tails

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13
Q

dissolved molecule or ion moves down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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14
Q

does not require energy

A

passive transport

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15
Q

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients

A

Osmosis

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16
Q

lower solute concentration outside cell than inside cell. Water moves into cell, swelling it and causing it to pop (lyse)

A

hypotonic solution

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17
Q

higher solute concentration outside cell than inside cell. Water moves out of cell causing it to shrink/shrivel

A

Hypertonic solution

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18
Q

same solute concentration inside and outside cell. Water movement in and out of cell is balance.

A

isotonic solution

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19
Q

help solutes cross membranes, specific to a solute, provide a channel

A

transporter proteins

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20
Q

also called facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport

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21
Q

cell uses energy to move solutes against concentration gradients

A

active transport

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22
Q

ribosomes and centrioles (have no membranes)

A

structures

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23
Q

signal travels far away from cell that made it

A

endocrine system

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24
Q

signal travels to nearby or cells next to it

A

Paracrine system

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25
Q

cell releases molecule that acts on cell that made it

A

Autocrine system

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26
Q

pore in the membrane which allows for a movement in a favorable direction

A

ion channel

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27
Q

small molecule that binds to outside and opens it up

A

Ligan-Gated Channel

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28
Q

sensitive to changes in the membrane (certain amount of pressure allows it to open up)

A

Mechanically-Gated Channel

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29
Q

always going to allow ions through, as long as they are going down the concentration gradient

A

Always-Open Channel

30
Q

inside plasma membrane has a different charge that outside, works when membrane potential goes down from -70 mV

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

31
Q

contains DNA in eukaryotic cell

32
Q

construction site for making parts of ribosomes

33
Q

DNA is organized in these

A

chromosomes

34
Q

DNA and proteins associated with it

35
Q

a little bit more densely pack, less likely to have genes

A

heterochromatin

36
Q

little bit more loosely packed, more likely to have genes

A

euchromatin

37
Q

double stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information

A

chromosome

38
Q

flattened channel, may be rough or smooth,

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

39
Q

platform for building cell proteins, small non membrane-bound structures

40
Q

proteins synthesized by the ribosomes on its outer membrane

41
Q

synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones, has no attached ribosomes

42
Q

move synthesized proteins and lipids to the Golgi complex for further packaging

A

Transport Vesicles

43
Q

enzymes inside finish the proteins and lipids, package completed molecules in vesicles for shipment to specific locations

A

Functions of Golgi Body

44
Q

chemically digest substances, contain hydrolytic enzymes

45
Q

break down vesicles contents

A

hydrolytic enzymes

46
Q

bacteria are routinely destroyed in the body by lysosomal activity

A

Phagocytosed

47
Q

used to bring in or expel larger molecules or particles

48
Q

Cell eating, organic matter enters the cell through endocystosis

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

a vesicle brings substances in bulk into the cell

A

Endocytosis

50
Q

a vesicle ejects substances in bulk from the cell

A

Exocytosis

51
Q

system of interconnected fibers, threads, and lattices in the cytosol; gives cells shape, organization, and ability to move

A

cytoskeleton

52
Q

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

A

Components of the Cytoskeleton

53
Q

Long filaments constructed of actin protein submits, highly dynamic, responsible for cellular locomotion and muscle contractions, establish the basic shape and strength of the cell

A

Microfilaments

54
Q

Strong cables of protein subunits, protein type depends on type of intermediate filament, stronger than microfilaments - protect cells from mechanical stresses

A

Intermediate Filaments

55
Q

long tiny tubules made of tubulin protein subunits, are instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division, also used as tracks for organelle movement

A

Microtubules

56
Q

Nine pairs of microtubules ring a central pair, spokes and links provide structure

57
Q

shorter than flagella, respiratory tract: capture dust & debris

58
Q

Require oxygen, produce carbon dioxide, produce ATP through Cellular Respiration; two phospholipid bilayers

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

chemical reactions in cells (fueled by ATP, some release energy and some require it), cells must constantly renew ATP supply

A

Metabolism

60
Q

any substance that takes part in a metabolic reaction

61
Q

Substance formed between beginning and end of metabolic pathway

A

Intermediate

62
Q

substance present at the end of a reaction or pathway

63
Q

essential part of metabolic reactions, most are proteins, body controls the activities of this

64
Q

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

A

How Cells Make ATP

65
Q

Formation of ATP from the breakdown of macromolecules, electron removed in process, Usually Aerobic in complex organisms

A

Cellular Respiration

66
Q

Breakdown of glucose molecules, Does not require oxygen, input of 2 ATP, Final product of 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

A

Glycolysis

67
Q

Pyruvate + Coenzyme A yields acetyl-CoA, Requires oxygen, happens in mitochondria; final product 2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8NADH, 2 FADH 2

A

Citric Acid Cycle

68
Q

NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane, H+ gradient formed between the membranes, Formation of large amount of ATP by ATP Synthase

A

Electron Transport System

69
Q

Final Total of ATP from one glucose molecule

70
Q

Supply raw materials for making ATP

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

71
Q

ATP forming mechanism that occurs during sudden, strenuous exercise, converts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid

A

Lactate Fermentation

BMS 110 (11 decks)

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