Chapter 7

Question 1

what motivates people?

Answer 1

goals, motives, needs, needs turn into motives turn into goals

Question 2

goals

Answer 2

specific outcomes that people desire, can be based on internal or external beliefs, values, or influences

Question 3

motives

Answer 3

the attitudes or rationale for taking a specific approach, more fluid and changeable than personality traits but address why people do what they do

Question 4

needs

Answer 4

necessary to thrive or survive, quickly followed by motives

Question 5

approach motivation

Answer 5

pursue positives, anticipate rewards for success

Question 6

avoidance motivation

Answer 6

motivation to avoid negatives, worry about negative consequences of failure

Question 7

approach-oriented people

Answer 7

higher in extraversion, pursue reward, more likely to achieve goal

Question 8

avoidance-oriented people

Answer 8

higher in neuroticism, more likely to take flight from negative consequence, lower in self-esteem, lower in life satisfaction, less likely to achieve goal

Question 9

how situations can affect motivation

Answer 9

differences in situations can influence performance such as priming (red is bad in school and good in sports), life experience can shift avoidance motivation but not approach motivation (bad experience can increase avoidance motivation but good experience does not increase approach motivation)

Question 10

embodied cognition

Answer 10

movement causing response, push arms away and rate food as less appetizing

Question 11

Abraham Maslow

Answer 11

hierarchy of needs, whole person, humanistic psychology, free will/creativity/human potential, not like determinism in behaviorism/psychodynamics, d-cognitions/b-cognitions, self-actualizing

Question 12

deficiency needs (D-needs)

Answer 12

deficiency of basic physiological needs that motivate their pursuit (food/water), result in D-cognitions and D-values

Question 13

being needs (B-needs)

Answer 13

pursuit of innate potential (meta-motivation, self-actualization), occurs after other needs are met, result in B-cognitions and B-values

Question 14

when people engage in d-cognitions and b-cognitions

Answer 14

d-cognitions are when people are at their worst and are self critical, evaluative, unworthy, b-cognitions are when at their best and are holistic and accepting

Question 15

B-cognitions/B-values

Answer 15

truth (honesty, reality, completeness), goodness (oughtness, justice, organization), aliveness (spontaneity, self-regulation), richness (differentiation, complexity, intricacy)

Question 16

Maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 16

basic physiological needs, safety security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, self-actualization

Question 17

self-actualization

Answer 17

need to make actual one’s talents and abilities, overlap with b-needs, few manage to self-actualize and stay there, Carl Rogers though unconditional positive regard can help people get closer to it

Question 18

unconditional positive regard

Answer 18

acceptance and love without conditions attached

Question 19

characteristics linked to self-actualization (by what Maslow thinks)

Answer 19

“reality centered” (could differentiate from fraudulent and genuine), “problem centered” (see difficult times/situations in life as challenges that demanded solutions), not uncomfortable being alone and had smaller/closer social networks, tended to be private and independent, not bound to social conventions/norms, accepted themselves and other - the good and bad

Question 20

core principles of humanistic psychology

Answer 20

focus on the present, how someone is functioning in the moment, individual must take responsibility for all actions to be mentally and physically healthy, possible for everyone by being themselves, true happiness only comes from continuous self-improvement and greater self-understanding

Question 21

what are implicit motives

Answer 21

people driven mostly by unconscious motivations, Henry Murray, use thematic apperception tests (TAT) to measure

Question 22

three major implicit motives

Answer 22

achievement (wanting to accomplish things, usually without help), affiliation (valuing relationships with other people), power (wanting to have an impact on others without others impacting them)

Question 23

implicit vs. explicit motives

Answer 23

differ in awareness, can be divergent, predict different types of behavior (implicit predicts performance, explicit predicts choice and judgement), most implicit motive research focuses on parent-child family relationships

Question 24

what facilitates development of specific implicit motives in parent-children relationship

Answer 24

high achievement motivation = parents encouraged independence
high affiliation motivation = parents didn’t respond as quickly to child’s needs
high power motivation = parents allowed more aggressive or sexual behavior

Question 25

David Winter implicit motive of presidents from inaugural speeches

Answer 25

high affiliation = more likely to have scandals/staff resignations (Nixon)
high achievement = more likely to be idealistic, activity but few lasting components (Obama)
high power = likely to be ranked as great by historians, start wars (Trump)

Question 26

self-determination theory

Answer 26

fundamental/universal, explicit, 3 needs, overlaps with Murray’s basic needs except focuses on explicit motivations, essential for human functioning, can help people meet same goals in different ways

Question 27

three self-determination needs

Answer 27

autonomy = control over your actions and life
competence = effectively use skills and learn new skills
relatedness = feeling connected to others

Question 28

overlap between implicit motivation and self-determination theory

Answer 28

power and autonomy, achievement and competence, affiliation and relatedness

Question 29

extrinsic vs. intrinsic goals

Answer 29

extrinsic = financial success, popularity/fame, physical attractiveness, promoted by pop. culture - more likely to lead to happiness
intrinsic = personal growth, affiliation, community feelings, what we “should” value, more likely to lead to anxiousness/depression because of materialism and social comparisons

Question 30

how goals affect the way you think

Answer 30

focusing on one type of goal makes it difficult to focus on a different type of goal, achievement focused might not focus as much on feeling connected to others, some focused on feeling connected/helping others may not focus as much on obtaining things or their career prestige

Question 31

requesting help after money priming

Answer 31

when primed with wealthy/poverty perspective, wealthy priming would spend more time on task before asking for help and strive for more self sufficiency

Question 32

extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

extrinsic goals/rewards diminish intrinsic motivation because beliefs about ability can impact motivation

Question 33

academic achievement

Answer 33

praising effort rather than intelligence is better because effort is malleable which more motivating for future performance than intelligence which most tend to think of as unchanging (children praised for working hard perform better than those praised for being smart)

Question 34

positive psychology

Answer 34

research on what makes people happy and their lives better, from humanism, positive motivational experiences for thriving are mindfulness, flow, and meaning

Question 35

mindfulness

Answer 35

being aware of thoughts/perceptions without clinging to them or judging them, people who (believing that ability is malleable leads to greater motivation and better performance than thinking it’s fixed are low in neuroticism and high in conscientiousness are more mindful

Question 36

mindfulness practice

Answer 36

leads to feeling better, treating psychological problems, build self-control, may help identify implicit motives

Question 37

peak experiences/flow

Answer 37

can occur from mindfulness, transcend being, feel one with the world, often result in flow state (smooth passage of time when completely immersed in an activity)

Question 38

flow channel defined by Csikszentmihalyi

Answer 38

between something to challenging and too easy, between anxiety and boredom, more likely to occur at work than during leisure but videogames can too

Question 39

meaning in life

Answer 39

having purpose and putting time and energy into attaining important goals, can be from religion, personal relationships, behaving in a way consistent with beliefs, self-improvement, achievement of goal isn’t enough - must be meaning and integrity in goals

Question 40

interchangeability in meaning of life

Answer 40

people with meaningful lives are happier and happier people find more meaning in life