Chapter 7 Flashcards
what motivates people?
goals, motives, needs, needs turn into motives turn into goals
goals
specific outcomes that people desire, can be based on internal or external beliefs, values, or influences
motives
the attitudes or rationale for taking a specific approach, more fluid and changeable than personality traits but address why people do what they do
needs
necessary to thrive or survive, quickly followed by motives
approach motivation
pursue positives, anticipate rewards for success
avoidance motivation
motivation to avoid negatives, worry about negative consequences of failure
approach-oriented people
higher in extraversion, pursue reward, more likely to achieve goal
avoidance-oriented people
higher in neuroticism, more likely to take flight from negative consequence, lower in self-esteem, lower in life satisfaction, less likely to achieve goal
how situations can affect motivation
differences in situations can influence performance such as priming (red is bad in school and good in sports), life experience can shift avoidance motivation but not approach motivation (bad experience can increase avoidance motivation but good experience does not increase approach motivation)
embodied cognition
movement causing response, push arms away and rate food as less appetizing
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs, whole person, humanistic psychology, free will/creativity/human potential, not like determinism in behaviorism/psychodynamics, d-cognitions/b-cognitions, self-actualizing
deficiency needs (D-needs)
deficiency of basic physiological needs that motivate their pursuit (food/water), result in D-cognitions and D-values
being needs (B-needs)
pursuit of innate potential (meta-motivation, self-actualization), occurs after other needs are met, result in B-cognitions and B-values
when people engage in d-cognitions and b-cognitions
d-cognitions are when people are at their worst and are self critical, evaluative, unworthy, b-cognitions are when at their best and are holistic and accepting
B-cognitions/B-values
truth (honesty, reality, completeness), goodness (oughtness, justice, organization), aliveness (spontaneity, self-regulation), richness (differentiation, complexity, intricacy)
Maslow’s hierarchy
basic physiological needs, safety security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, self-actualization
self-actualization
need to make actual one’s talents and abilities, overlap with b-needs, few manage to self-actualize and stay there, Carl Rogers though unconditional positive regard can help people get closer to it
unconditional positive regard
acceptance and love without conditions attached
characteristics linked to self-actualization (by what Maslow thinks)
“reality centered” (could differentiate from fraudulent and genuine), “problem centered” (see difficult times/situations in life as challenges that demanded solutions), not uncomfortable being alone and had smaller/closer social networks, tended to be private and independent, not bound to social conventions/norms, accepted themselves and other - the good and bad
core principles of humanistic psychology
focus on the present, how someone is functioning in the moment, individual must take responsibility for all actions to be mentally and physically healthy, possible for everyone by being themselves, true happiness only comes from continuous self-improvement and greater self-understanding
what are implicit motives
people driven mostly by unconscious motivations, Henry Murray, use thematic apperception tests (TAT) to measure
three major implicit motives
achievement (wanting to accomplish things, usually without help), affiliation (valuing relationships with other people), power (wanting to have an impact on others without others impacting them)
implicit vs. explicit motives
differ in awareness, can be divergent, predict different types of behavior (implicit predicts performance, explicit predicts choice and judgement), most implicit motive research focuses on parent-child family relationships
what facilitates development of specific implicit motives in parent-children relationship
high achievement motivation = parents encouraged independence
high affiliation motivation = parents didn’t respond as quickly to child’s needs
high power motivation = parents allowed more aggressive or sexual behavior
