Chapter 3 Flashcards
what are traits
relatively stable tendencies of individuals
lexical hypothesis
idea that there is a word to describe any individual difference in personality in every language/culture
ideas of the lexical hypothesis
most important traits are represented by single words, factor analysis correlates responses into clusters, lead to five major traits
what are the big five
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
what are facets of the big five
subcategories of the big five traits, show diversity of characteristics and help avoid misunderstandings
range of personality traits
scores found on a continuum, is dimensional not dichotomous
facets for openness
fantasy, actions, aesthetics, ideas, feelings, values
facets for conscientiousness
competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, deliberation
facets of extroversion
warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions
facets of agreeableness
trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness
facets of neuroticism
anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity, vulnerability
tendencies of high extroversion
prefer to be with people, want to be leaders, more active, more happiness, seek stimulation and excitement
tendencies of low extroversion
prefer quiet and solitude, would rather interact with close friends and family
cultural differences with extroversion
Americans tend to score higher on extroversion, idea of getting routine joy from social factors is a western concept
tendencies of high agreeableness
trusting and sympathetic, cooperation rather than competition, honest, forthright, humble, self-effacing, compliant, good friends and caring romantic partners
tendencies of disagreeableness (antagonism)
skeptical, cynical, dishonest, aggressive, grandiose, egocentric, manipulative, callous, more likely to do crime/unprotected sex/drug abuse, antisocial behavior, can be motivating, more likely to have hostile attribution bias
hostile attribution bias
perceiving actions or words to be more hostile and intentional than they are
tendencies of high conscientiousness
high willpower, organized, work hard toward goals despite distraction or boredom, good mental and physical health, academic and professional success
tendencies of low conscientiousness
impulsivity, easily distracted, unorganized, less ambitious, more likely to do drugs/alcohol/crime/risky sex/gambling
tendencies of high neuroticism
negative emotions, especially intense negative emotions, more likely to take medications/drugs/alcohol to improve mood, more prone to mental health issues (including substance abuse and eating disorders)
physical health issues associated with higher neuroticism
heart issues, obesity, IBS
tendencies of high openness
trying new things, playing with complex ideas, liberal and interested in social activism, consider alternative perspectives and beliefs
tendencies of low openness
prefer routine, value status quo, favor traditional and conventional activities, conservative
misconception about neuroticism
often has negative connotation but it means more of the intensity of emotions experienced
one way that each of the big five traits can help you
O - creativity
C - planning and hard work
E - connecting with others
A - getting along with others
N - awareness of danger
how is the big five used within personality research
incorporates traits used into other personality models, measure with statements rather than adjectives
largest flaw in personality tests like the big five
does not measure the whole person
the big five in other cultures
translated into 28 languages, across 56 nations, shows clusters of domains of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness
