Chapter 10

Question 1

sex definition

Answer 1

biological division of males and females based on chromosomes, genitals, and secondary sexual characteristics (male, female, intersex)

Question 2

sex differences definition

Answer 2

focuses on average differences between males and females

Question 3

gender definition

Answer 3

roles and behaviors attributed to a particular sex, man can be labeled as adult male or identify with stereotypical masculine traits - politics can steer scientific inquiries and bias results

Question 4

transgender example

Answer 4

Bruce Jenner to Caitlyn Jenner in 2015, Olympic gold metal in decathlon

Question 5

origins of sex

Answer 5

difficult to separate hormonal influences from purely genetic ones, primary differences is XX vs XY, TDF

Question 6

testis-determining factor

Answer 6

determines sex, produces chain reaction that results in sex differences, in the womb TDF produces testis which turns into testosterone

Question 7

gender roles

Answer 7

the interests, activities, responsibilities, and other norms of sexes, some are cultural like clothes, others are universal like aggression in males and caregiving in females - Roosevelt wore a dress as a child because it was normal

Question 8

sex difference in chimpanzees with agression

Answer 8

shows that it’s not just due to societal norms made by humans

Question 9

roles of evolution and culture

Answer 9

evolutionary psychologists say that sex differences in personality and sexuality are partly rooted in reproduction - innate tendencies, evolution is scaffolding which everything is built upon

Question 10

cross culture variation in sex differences

Answer 10

often changes as cultures change, like women edu and career -> more men caretakers, lower sex difference in countries with more gender equality, larger sex difference in personality traits in individualistic/industrialized nations

generally caused by interaction of genetics, biology, social roles, and culture

Question 11

stereotypes

Answer 11

commonly held beliefs about how different groups differ, some have basis in truth and others don’t - must look broadly at sex differences like interests, cognitive ability, sexuality

Question 12

male scientists belief in 1800s and before

Answer 12

that women were incapable of abstract thought

Question 13

sex differences and reproductive success

Answer 13

some suggest differences reflect evolutionary driven making variations between males and females (like aggression and reproductive success)

Question 14

gender differences between facets of big 5

Answer 14

small to moderate in size, height is more different, overlap makes sense
neuroticism is largest difference with 34% men higher than women
46% men higher on extraversion
44% men higher on agreeableness
45% men higher on conscientiousness
52% men higher on openness

Question 15

effect of small average differences on the extreme values

Answer 15

large difference, like physical aggression, men 4x more likely to be arrested for violent crimes and 9x more for murder
2-3x more women high neuroticism, so shows two fold risk of depression

Question 16

women and leadership

Answer 16

have more positive view of women except when they’re leaders, judged more harshly, choose between respected or liked, women perform better and others rate them better but men rate themselves as better
women hold fewer higher status positions than men

Question 17

observational learning

Answer 17

children learn that males and females do certain things, gender roles, from parents and peers

Question 18

Terman and Miles (1936)

Answer 18

developed early test of masculinity and femininity - 2 constructs on 1 dimension and assumed on 1 scale

Question 19

Spence and Helmreich

Answer 19

developed Personal Attributes Questionnaire (1978), set on separate dimensions, focuses primarily on stereotypical gender traits, not measure of sexual orientation, women’s masculinity has gradually increased since 1970’s

Question 20

PAQ low femininity and masculinity, high of both

Answer 20

undifferentiated, androgynous

Question 21

Jobs and hobbies between men and women

Answer 21

large difference, women interested in people over things, depend on context and feelings welcome in environment, men focus on thing rather than people (agency), largest % men occupations are fishing, logging, and waste management

Question 22

early age sex differences

Answer 22

girls can do what boys do but not vise versa, gender neutral toys are similar to those marketed to boys, but pink its girls only

Question 23

Nonverbal behaviors and emotions

Answer 23

women more likely to show emotions through facial expressions, women smile more (starts in late elementary school), experience same emotions and physical heart rate but express different

Question 24

body expansiveness

Answer 24

manspreading,, could be male entitlement or physiological

Question 25

gender and appearances

Answer 25

women focus more on how others perceive them (self-objectification), so could lead to neuroticism/depression
men focus on body’s performance
girls/women only report slightly lower self-esteem than boys/men

Question 26

self-esteem differences

Answer 26

females score higher on behavioral conduct, moral-ethical
males score higher in appearance, athletics
(60% more men narcissistic, higher extraversion and lower agreeableness)
acceptance by opposite-sex parent has most impact on adult self-esteem

Question 27

sociosecuality

Answer 27

men want sex more and more sex, approve of casual sex, more sexual partners (18 vs 6), want more sexual partners in lifetime than women but want to settle down with one partner

Question 28

Clark and Hatfield study (1989)

Answer 28

attractive confederate asks if would go on a date (50:50), back to apartment (69:9), have sex (75:0)

Question 29

cognitive abilities stereotype

Answer 29

women bad at math, checking box before taking math test can decrease women’s math performance (called stereotype threat, also tested with Black community), math performance difference is about zero - any difference is probably due to culture

Question 30

spatial ability and verbal abilities

Answer 30

men better with spatial ability (d = .57) differs by culture and shrunk over time
women better at verbal and vocab and reading comprehension, and decoding nonverbal behaviors

Question 31

takeaway with gender

Answer 31

some differences exist and are typically small to moderate in size and perhaps culturally driven