Chapter 5 Flashcards
William James
psychologist with the self, chapter on the self in “The Principles of Psychology”
Freud
discussed German concept of “selbst” (self), ego, ideas largely discredited, psychologist of self
Carl Rogers
psychologist of self, changing self is basic to psychotherapy, disagreed with behaviorism and psychoanalysis, people are good, positive self-regard leads to self-actualization
Rogers five characteristics
openness to experience, existential living, trusting own feelings, creativity, fulfilled life
openness to experiences
fully functioning person can accept positive and negative emotions, negative emotions are not suppressed and are worked through instead of using defensive mechanisms, positive emotions are not externalized or discounted
existential living
person who is fully functioning is in touch with their current experiences, doesn’t allow preconceptions/prior experience to cloud how they are experiencing the moment, appreciate present and not stuck in past or future
trusting own gut feeling
person who is fully functioning typically pays attention to and trusts their gut feelings about things, but won’t make decisions purely based upon it, feel they can make the best decision for themselves and trust themselves
creativity
person who is fully functioning typically thinks creatively and is open to talking with creative solutions, not playing it safe, ability to adapt to new experiences
fulfilled life
person who is fully functioning typically feels fulfilled and satisfied with life and are open to facing new challenges but doesn’t feel forced to
twenty statement test
person asked to complete twenty statements starting with “I am…” and can be categorized into five groups, tells about self
five categories for twenty statement test
social groups and classifications (age), ideological beliefs, interests, ambitions, self evaluations (tall)
what the twenty statement test can tell us about a person
people often name characteristics that make them unique, tells individualism (value needs of self more than group - I am a business owner) or collectivism (needs of group over self - I am a good friend)
self-concept
image of self is mad of four main aspects: material self, social, spiritual, true self
material self
how we communicate our internal experiences to outside world, things we own an how we alter our body
social self
individual self is linked to social relationships, different aspects of self are active when interacting with different people, self-monitoring
what is self monitoring
adapting behavior to fit the situations demands, some people do this more or less
spiritual self
moral center, not necessarily religious, often related for religious people, includes agreeableness and cognitive abilities like intelligence, part of person that is intuition and right vs. wrong
true self
person you “really” are, authenticity is how close you are to true self, has four components that are awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, authentic relationship
imposter syndrome/phenomenon
feeling like a fraud/fake, typically occurs when shifting social roles or attempting something beyond skills or training, like they tricked people
common treatment for imposter syndrome
mix of CBT for anxiety and depression to address underlying schemas
parentification
Castro, Jones, and Mirasalimi, will sacrifice their needs for needs of parents, so struggle to develop independent sense of self and realistic sense of own abilities, as well asl feeling inadequate because no child can meet the needs of a parent
the me and the I
William James believed part of self is observing and part is observed, I is the observing part “I feel this way” and me is the observed part “they feel that about me” - have started using self schemas
self-esteem
person’s attitude toward him/herself, measured in many ways including Rosenberg self-esteem scale, average score for college students is high, getting participation trophy makes them perform worse
factors of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood
feedback friends and others, family environment, task proficiency, achievement, self belief, physical appearance
good parts of focusing on improving self esteem
feels good, leads to initiate action, correlated with positive outcomes
bad parts of focusing on improving self-esteem
self-esteem is not related to improved performance and translation of success in one area to a second related area, correlated with some negative outcomes
explicit self-esteem vs. implicit self-esteem
aware of having it vs. not necessarily aware of having it and can be measured with implicit association test, usually people have similar levels of each
maintaining self-esteem
self enhancement, self-esteem regulation, sociometer theory, self serving bias, self-evaluation maintenance (SEM)
self-enhancement
desire to maintain or increase positive self-concept
self-esteem regulation
actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem, form close relationships, belongingness to social groups, experiencing success
sociometer theory
level of self-esteem linked to level of belongingness
self-serving bias
taking credit for success and denying responsibility for failures
self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model
relates task performance, self-relevance, closeness to self-enhancement
self-comparison
being kind to yourself, treating yourself with compassion, components are self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness
self-kindness
being kind to yourself, especially when you make mistakes
common humanity
awareness that all humans make mistakes, if you forgive others then you have to forgive yourself
mindfulness
being aware of thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them, living in present without dwelling on the past, meditation and relaxation techniques can help
self-efficacy
belief that you will effectively and successfully work toward goals, predicts performance in school/work, low self efficacy associated with low performance, mostly for basic tasks (still present but less prominent for complicated tasks), might not cause high performance but is outcome of success
narcissism
positive and grandiose self view, two types are grandiose (bold, self-centered, egotistical), vulnerable (low extraversion and assertiveness, high neuroticism, more seen psychiatrically)
grandiose narcissism
believe they are better than everyone else and like being around others to prove it, unwavering belief, low neuroticism, admit actively seeking attention, extreme pride but rarely any shame, behaviors are unrelated to how others see it as they already know they are the best, godlike
vulnerable narcissism
believe they are better than everyone else and see no need to spend time around others, wavering belief, high neuroticism, don’t admit seeking attention, extreme pride and extreme shame, will behave in ways dependent on how others will see it because want to prove they are the best
measuring narcissism
narcissism personality inventory (NPI), high levels of extraversion and low agreeableness, positive self-concept, do not describe themselves as caring, they think they are better than others
narcissism and compensation for fear?
it can be a way for compensating for fear, may know internally they are not the best, increased fear leads to increased narcissism, idea they hate themselves is poorly supported
self-regulation
process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state, use mental muscle to manage self in many contexts
possible selves
ought self is person you should be, ideal self is person you want to be
self-discrepancy theory
relates emotional state to difference between ideal/ought self and actual self
tips for improving self control
resist temptations with avoidance, be careful when tired/frustrated, practice exercising self-control
self-control
your willpower, higher self-control helps attain long term goals, works like a muscle so needs exertion, is limited (have to work to strengthen) and gets tired (ego depletion) ~ theory recently called into doubt
