Chapter 11

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

customs, values, behaviors, characteristics of a group/time period, have different norms and world views

Question 2

Norms (what’s normal) is affected by

Answer 2

social class, income, education - socioeconomic status (SES) - change over time

Question 3

birth cohort

Answer 3

everyone born in one year

Question 4

generation

Answer 4

everyone born in 20 year period

Question 5

how geography shapes culture

Answer 5

climate (clothes), flora and fauna (food), resources (lifestyle and products), physical features/geography (transportation)

Question 6

how cultures shape people

Answer 6

cultural products (ads, books, songs), convey cultural message about proper beliefs, mutual constitution

Question 7

mutual constitution

Answer 7

person is born into cultural and shaped by socialization, so influences culture then births kids into that changed culture

Question 8

social learning theory

Answer 8

learn social behaviors by observation and mimicry

Question 9

mutual constitution model

Answer 9

Cultural values - individualism/collectivism <-> institutions and products: word usage in books, law <-> daily life: school/work <-> the self: self-esteem/independence

Question 10

individualism

Answer 10

value self over society, personal attributes, uniqueness (like unusual baby names)

Question 11

internal attribution

Answer 11

explain behavior focused on individual - more in individualistic cultures

Question 12

external attribution

Answer 12

explain behavior focused on surroundings - collectivistic cultures

Question 13

fundamental attribution error

Answer 13

tendency in US where we attribute cause of action to person and overlook context (Asian cultures less prone to it)

Question 14

frame of reference differs by generation

Answer 14

Americans becoming more self focused with products and more individualistic

Question 15

positive self-views and self-enhancement

Answer 15

more in individualistic cultures, higher self esteem and focus on positive aspects, BUT higher collective self esteem and disinterest in self-enhancement in collectivistic cultures

Question 16

collective self-esteem

Answer 16

how one feels about themselves in their placement with a collective culture

Question 17

relational mobility

Answer 17

new relationships allow for new benefits which can expand into more new relationships

Question 18

divorce in individualistic and collectivistic

Answer 18

less in collectivistic and more arranged marriages, more divorce in individualistic

Question 19

approach motivation

Answer 19

obtain positive outcome, more in individualistic and look up to positive role models

Question 20

avoidance motivation

Answer 20

avoid negatives, more common in collectivistic and use negative role models as what not to be

Question 21

self-enhancement vs. self improvement

Answer 21

North American students who score poorly on test want to do something else, Japanese students want to keep working to improve to avoid failing again

Question 22

reference effect

Answer 22

people compare themselves to others that they know, so can make comparisons hard, but are functional to existing in society

Question 23

perception of national character

Answer 23

can help avoid reference group effect, but can cause description of stereotypes

Question 24

personality assessments are made in WEIRD cultures

Answer 24

wester, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic, which makes cross culture studying harder because of translation and context (collectivistic believe roles are more important that personality)

Question 25

cultural difference in extraversion

Answer 25

highly extraverted countries are more economically prosperous and have more liberal views of sexuality, extraversion has increased with generations
extraversion linked with individualism - Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Canada, US
low extraversion - Taiwan, Malaysia, Zimbabwe

Question 26

power differences/high dominance culture

Answer 26

emphasize formality and power differences like caste system, people at the top have more power and enforce it, usually low extraversion = high power difference

Question 27

cultural differences in agreeableness

Answer 27

collectivistic countries have more empathy so more agreeable, has declined over generations in US

Question 28

cultural differences in conscientiousness

Answer 28

more southern latitudes score higher than norther latitudes
highest - Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ethiopia
lowest - Japan, Germany, South Korea

Question 29

event-time cultures

Answer 29

rely on planning and clocks rather than spontaneity, rather than persisting until task is done, lower conscientiousness

Question 30

cultural differences in neuroticism

Answer 30

highest - Japan, Russia, France, Spain, and Belgium
lowest - Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Indonesia
higher neuroticism = more psychiatric ward beds, Japan 2x suicide rate of US

Question 31

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 31

where countries with higher neuroticism have formal systems to minimize cultural or situational ambiguity

Question 32

cultural differences with openness

Answer 32

highest - Chile, Belgium, Bangladesh
lowest - Ukraine and Japan
lower in more recent generations because of shift to extrensic/materialistic values

Question 33

materialism

Answer 33

emphasis on money and possessions, has increased since 1970s, change from willingness to explore ideas