Chapter 7

Question 1

A variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment

Answer 1

Presence-absence variable

Question 2

The presence group is also called the experimental group

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The absence group is also called the control group.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What Is the measure of the behavior that is being observed.

Answer 4

Dependent variable

Question 5

Subset of studies, classified as experiments, also includes

Answer 5

Independent variable

Question 6

An independent variable can be ___________ to create levels of the independent variables.

Answer 6

Manipulation

Question 7

How many levels can any independent variable have?

Answer 7

Two is the lowest

Question 8

What is the same thing as an presence-absence variable?

Answer 8

Bivalent independent variable

Question 9

What is the simplest type of independent variable?

Answer 9

Bivalent independent variable

Question 10

What is a Bivalent independent variable?

Answer 10

An independent variable with two levels.

Question 11

What is a type variable?

Answer 11

A variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment.

Question 12

A _____________ __________ includes a different type of the something being compared on the dependent variable

Answer 12

Type Variable

Question 13

What involves a manipulation of the amount of a factor in each level?

Answer 13

Amount variable

Question 14

What is amount variable?

Answer 14

A variable that includes levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level. 

Question 15

When an independent variable contains three or more levels it is considered?

Answer 15

Multivalent variable

Question 16

When is a variable considered a Bivalent?

Answer 16

When it contains only one Bivalent independent variable

Question 17

What is considered a multivalent variable?

Answer 17

If there is only one independent variable that contains three or more levels

Question 18


An independent variable that includes three or more levels

Answer 18

Multivalent variable

Question 19

Variables that are manipulated by the researcher

Answer 19

True independent variable

Question 20

What is when the participants can be separate into groups based on characteristics they already have.

Answer 20

Quasi independent variable

Question 21

What is quasi-independent or subject variable?

Answer 21

Variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation

Question 22

What is face validity?

Answer 22

A study or skill appearing to be intuitively valid on the surface.

Question 23

A study or skill appearing to be into intuitively valid on the surface.

Answer 23

Face Validity

Question 24

What is an experimenter bias?

Answer 24

A source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently often unknowingly based on knowledge of the hypothesis. 

Question 25

First source of biases by a researcher

Answer 25

Experimenter bias

Question 26

What is single-blind design?

Answer 26

Procedure used to hide the groups assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results. 

Question 27

What is used to combats effects of subjects knowledge of their group assignment.

Answer 27

Single blind design

Question 28

What is double blind design?

Answer 28

Procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignment from both the participants in the researchers who interact with the participants.

Question 29

When both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants do not know what participants are assigned to the different groups

Answer 29

Double blind design

Question 30

What is testing effects?

Answer 30

Occurs when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing

Question 31

What can be an issue when multiple testing sessions occur in a study

Answer 31

Testing effects

Question 32

What is With in subject variable?

Answer 32

Participants experience all levels of the independent variable

Question 33

When is it more likely for testing affects to occur?

Answer 33

Within subject variable

Question 34

What is a between subject variable?

Answer 34

Participants experience only one level of independent variable

Question 35

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 35

A control used in the within subject experiments were equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the condition

Question 36

What is Regression towards the mean?

Answer 36

Can occur when participants score higher or lower than the personal average the next time they are tested they are more likely to score near their personal average making score reliable

Question 37

What occurs when participants obtain an extreme score high or low on a questionnaire or task at one testing session but regress towards their mean score add another testing session. 

Answer 37

Regression towards the mean

Question 38

What is attrition or mortality?

Answer 38

Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study

Question 39

Where subjects decide not to complete a study reducing the route respresentativeness of the sample

Answer 39

Attrition or mortality

Question 40

What is a Hawthorne effect?

Answer 40

A source of bias that could occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed

Question 41

When they may not work as hard as they do in their job because they know that the task is just for a research study and their performance does not affect them personally as it might in a job environment

Answer 41

Hawthorne effect