Chapter 7 Flashcards
A variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment
Presence-absence variable
The presence group is also called the experimental group
True
The absence group is also called the control group.
True
What Is the measure of the behavior that is being observed.
Dependent variable
Subset of studies, classified as experiments, also includes
Independent variable
An independent variable can be ___________ to create levels of the independent variables.
Manipulation
How many levels can any independent variable have?
Two is the lowest
What is the same thing as an presence-absence variable?
Bivalent independent variable
What is the simplest type of independent variable?
Bivalent independent variable
What is a Bivalent independent variable?
An independent variable with two levels.
What is a type variable?
A variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment.
A _____________ __________ includes a different type of the something being compared on the dependent variable
Type Variable
What involves a manipulation of the amount of a factor in each level?
Amount variable
What is amount variable?
A variable that includes levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level. 
When an independent variable contains three or more levels it is considered?
Multivalent variable
When is a variable considered a Bivalent?
When it contains only one Bivalent independent variable
What is considered a multivalent variable?
If there is only one independent variable that contains three or more levels

An independent variable that includes three or more levels
Multivalent variable
Variables that are manipulated by the researcher
True independent variable
What is when the participants can be separate into groups based on characteristics they already have.
Quasi independent variable
What is quasi-independent or subject variable?
Variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation
What is face validity?
A study or skill appearing to be intuitively valid on the surface.
A study or skill appearing to be into intuitively valid on the surface.
Face Validity
What is an experimenter bias?
A source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently often unknowingly based on knowledge of the hypothesis. 
First source of biases by a researcher
Experimenter bias
What is single-blind design?
Procedure used to hide the groups assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results. 
What is used to combats effects of subjects knowledge of their group assignment.
Single blind design
What is double blind design?
Procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignment from both the participants in the researchers who interact with the participants.
When both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants do not know what participants are assigned to the different groups
Double blind design
What is testing effects?
Occurs when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
What can be an issue when multiple testing sessions occur in a study
Testing effects
What is With in subject variable?
Participants experience all levels of the independent variable
When is it more likely for testing affects to occur?
Within subject variable
What is a between subject variable?
Participants experience only one level of independent variable
What is counterbalancing?
A control used in the within subject experiments were equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the condition
What is Regression towards the mean?
Can occur when participants score higher or lower than the personal average the next time they are tested they are more likely to score near their personal average making score reliable
What occurs when participants obtain an extreme score high or low on a questionnaire or task at one testing session but regress towards their mean score add another testing session. 
Regression towards the mean
What is attrition or mortality?
Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
Where subjects decide not to complete a study reducing the route respresentativeness of the sample
Attrition or mortality
What is a Hawthorne effect?
A source of bias that could occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed
When they may not work as hard as they do in their job because they know that the task is just for a research study and their performance does not affect them personally as it might in a job environment
Hawthorne effect
