Chapter 1 Flashcards
Relying on common sense, as a means of knowing about the world
Intuition
Using logical reasoning, and current knowledge, as a means of knowing about the world
Deduction
Relying on a knowledgeable person or group, as a means of knowing about the world
Authority
Relying on what one observes as a means of knowing about the world
Observation
The accuracy of the results of a study
Validity
A group of individuals to learn about
Population
A group of individuals chosen from the population 
Sample
Different between population mean and sample means
Sampling error
How a behavior is defined in a research study to allow for its measurement
Operational definition
Help, researcher, summarize, or describe data
Descriptive statistics
A variable that is measured or observed from an individual
Dependent or response variable
A scale of data measurement that involves non-ordered categorical responses
Nominal scale
A scale of data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses
Ordinal scale
A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced, but the scores are not ratios of each other
Interval scale
A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses in which scores are ratios in each other
Ratio scale
Surveys indirect measure behavior of interest, self report, nature of survey data can influence the validity of the data, social, desirability bias can reduce the validity of behavior measures, researchers can construct validity and reliability of survey and questionnaire.
Survey data
Biased created in surveys responses from respondent desire to be viewed more favorable by others, typically resulting in overeat, reporting, or positive behavior, and under reporting or negative behavior
Social desirability bias
The degree to which survey is an accurate measure of interest
Construct validity
The degree to which the results of the study can be replicated under similar conditions
Reliability
More direct observation of behavior than self reported collected on surveys
Systematic and controlled measured
Different characteristics of different distributions, depending on the variability of the score
Frequency distribution
A set of scores, distributions are obtained from data that ranges over the entire scale
Distributions
A graph or table of a distribution showing the frequency of the each core in the distribution, frequency, distribution graph scores are on X axis and its frequency is on the white axis
Frequency distribution
Inferential statistics system, symmetrical distributions, and skewed distributions are all
Shapes of distributions
Set of the statistical procedure is used by researchers to test hypothesis about population
Inferential is statistics
Distribution of scores were its shape, shows a mirror image on either side of the middle score
Symmetrical distribution
Distribution of scores word, shape, shows clustering of scores as low or high end of the scale
Skewed distribution
Tail of infrequent scores at high end of scale
Positive skew
Tail of distributions is on low end of the scale
Negative skew
Program used by researchers for descriptive and inferential statistics in psychology
SPSS
The difference between the highest and the lowest score in the distribution
Range
The scientific method relies on which way of knowing information about the world
Observation
If I can concerned about where the survey I am using in my study actually measures of behavior. I am interested in I am considering ______ of my study
Validity
Providing responses on a survey to make yourself look better is called
Social desirability bias
In a research study on navigation, participants were asked to judge the distance of a landmark in the environment from their current location. This dependent variable was measured on a __________ measurement scale.
Ratio
In a research study, you are asked to indicate your college major on a survey this dependent variable was measured on______ measurement, scale
Nominal
You are conducting a study that uses IQ tests. On this test, the participants score can average of 100. All other scores are evenly distributed above and below this average what type of distribution is it?
Symmetrical distribution
_____ scales typically involve numerical scores, whereas_____ scales do not
Ratio
Nominal 
Survey data are always accurate
False
A frequency distribution graph can show you the shape of a distribution
True
Systematic and controlled measures are more direct observation of behavior than the self reported collected on surveys
True
Of the following choices, which are good operational, definitions of anxiety
Scores on in anxiety scale
